Fig. 6: Therapeutic applications enhanced with variable patterning.

A) Variable frequency trains in functional electrical stimulators (FES) can support improved gait [reproduced with permission from⁴⁶]. B) Chaotic pacing was more effective at stabilizing random arrhythmias than periodic pacing. Y-axis indicates beat-to-beat intervals and x-axis indicates beat number. Start and end positions of chaotic control and periodic control are indicated [reproduced with permission from²⁰⁶]. C) Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is an important component of normal breathing, where heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration, and is associated with ventilation/perfusion matching. Fractal ventilation (FV) patterns in a study of mechanical ventilators was shown to increase RSA compared to conventional ventilation (CV) [reproduced with permission from⁶⁴].