Table 2.
The associations of each phthalate metabolite or antioxidant with HOMA-IR among 1,605 participants based on the multiple linear regression model.
| Urinary phthalate metabolites | β (95%CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| MBzP1 | 0.018 (−0.013, 0.049) | 0.26 |
| MBP1 | 0.058 (0.021, 0.094) | <.01 |
| MiBP1 | 0.058 (0.023, 0.092) | <.01 |
| MEP1 | −0.024 (−0.048, 0.001) | 0.06 |
| MCPP1 | 0.043 (0.009, 0.077) | 0.01 |
| ΣDEHP1 | 0.055 (0.027, 0.083) | <.001 |
| Vitamin A2 | 0.215 (0.090, 0.339) | <.001 |
| Vitamin C2 | −0.053 (−0.103, −0.003) | 0.04 |
| Vitamin E2 | −0.002 (−0.100, 0.096) | 0.97 |
| α–carotene2 | −0.110 (−0.149, −0.070) | <.0001 |
| β-carotene2 | −0.179 (−0.226, −0.132) | <.0001 |
| β-cryptoxanthin2 | −0.117 (−0.170, −0.064) | <.0001 |
| Lycopene2 | −0.053 (−0.119, 0.012) | 0.11 |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin2 | −0.139 (−0.215, −0.063) | <.001 |
*
All models were adjusted for age, gender, BMI, race, education level, physical activity, serum cotinine, urinary creatinine, and poverty-income ratio.
Urinary phthalate, serum antioxidants, and HOMA-IR were log transformed.
1
β represents the one unit change in log HOMA-IR per one unit increase in log urinary concentrations of the phthalate.
2
β represents the one unit change in HOMA-IR per one unit increase in log urinary concentrations of the antioxidant.