Video 4. Volumetric model of the soft tissue layers relevant to the pterional approach, with labels and annotations.

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Based on the course of TBFN across the STL, the anatomy can be divided into layers superior and inferior to the STL. From superficial to deep, the soft tissue layers inferior to STL are skin, subcutaneous tissue, galea, loose areolar tissue, suprafascial fat pad, superficial temporal fascia, interfascial fat pad, deep temporal fascia, subfascial fat pad, temporalis muscle, and periosteum. The soft tissue layers superior to the STL are distinguished by the absence of temporal fascia and temporalis muscle above the skull. In addition, the periosteum is referred to as the frontal pericranium. TBFN, temporal branches of facial nerve; STL, superior temporal line.