FIG 4.

Nipah virus budding is significantly affected by actin cytoskeletal manipulation through mutant RhoGTPases. (A and B) HEK293T cells were transfected with NiV F alone or with dominant-negative (DN) or constitutively active (CA) constructs for RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. As with Fig. 3, CL, CSE, and VLPs were quantified and both budding indices assessed. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. (C to F) The effects of coexpressing these mutants were assessed for G-driven (C and D) and M-driven (E and F) budding. The results are representative of at least three experiments, with error bars indicating the standard error of the mean. One-way Student t tests were used to assess significant differences in budding efficiency indices compared to when they are cotransfected with pcDNA3.1, an empty vector (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).