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. 2019 Sep 18;11:235. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00235

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Copyright © 2019 Ma, Geng, Wang, Han, Wang, Li, Wang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is beneficial for spatial learning and memory in mice, as tested by the Morris water maze (MWM). (A) The mean escape latency in the spatial learning test. *P < 0.05 aged sham group vs. adult sham group; ^#P < 0.05 and ^##P < 0.01 compared to the aged sham group. (B) The ratio of swimming distance in the original quadrant to the total distance (distance ratio). *P < 0.05 vs. adult sham group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. aged sham group. (C) The time of platform crossing in the original quadrant. *p < 0.05 vs. adult sham group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. aged sham group. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM); n = 15 for each group.