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. 2019 Sep 18;13:989. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00989

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Copyright © 2019 You, Wu, Zhou, Zhang, Yuan, Wen, Xu, Cui, Tang and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic of ATX-NPs delivery system. (A) Design of transferrin conjugated to PEG-encapsulated astaxanthin nanoparticles (ATX-NPs). (B) An in vitro model with the neurons grown on the bottom of the well. ATX-NPs with covalently attached transferrin were recognized and internalized by transferrin receptors of neurons. The figure was a simplified representation of complex mechanisms and their interaction. More details for stages of internalization are presented in Figure 8.