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The entry mechanism of ATX-NPs in neurons via receptor-mediation. Firstly, the ATX-NPs in the medium are recognized by transferrin receptor of neurons. On the second stage, the nanoparticles are engulfed in membrane invaginations that are pinched off to form membrane-bound endosomes. Finally, the endosomes become mature and acidified fused with lysosomes, resulting in the degradation of nanoparticles and the release of astaxanthin.
