Table 2.

Clinical presentation and characteristics of the inflammatory infiltrate in reported cases of ICI-associated AIN.

ICI administered	AIN n	Clinical presentation	Histologic examination (inflammatory infiltrate)
			Lymphocytes	Plasma cells	Eosinophils	Macrophages	Granuloma	Reference
Anti-PD-1	2	Creatinine increase, Hyperkaliemia. metabolic acidosis	p	p	a	a	a	*
Anti-PD-1	1	Creatinine increase, microhematuria no fever, rash, nor eosinophilia	p	a	p	p	a	Wanchoo et al.14
Anti-CTLA-4 (5) Anti-PD-1 (3) Anti-CTLA-4+Anti-PD-1 (4)	12	Pyuria (7) hematuria (2) hypertension (2) eosinophilia (1) Oliguria (1)	p	p	p	a	p	Cortazar et al.10
Anti-PD-1	6	Creatinine increase (6) bilateral lower extremity edema (2) eosinophilia (2) pyuria (2) Hypertension (2) Rash, fever, oliguria (1)	p	a	p	a	a	Shirali et al.26
Anti-CTLA-4	1	Creatinine increase, Rash, eosinophilia	p	p	p	a	p	Thajudeen et al.35
Anti-CTLA-4	2	Creatinine increase (2) pyuria (2) rash, fatigue, anorexia, fever (1) eosinophilia (1) hematuria (1) proteinuria (1)	p	a	a	a	p	Izzedine et al.28
Anti-CTLA-4	1	Creatinine increase, metabolic acidosis oliguria	Kidney biopsy not completed					Forde et al.27

a, absent; AIN, acute interstitial nephritis; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitors; n, number; p, present.

^*personal cases from the Medical Oncology Unit of the University of Bari