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. 2019 Sep 18;7:198. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00198

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Copyright © 2019 Andersohn, Garcia, Fan, Thompson, Akimzhanov, Abdullahi, Jeschke and Boehning.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The non-vesicular (NV) fraction isolated from ER stressed cells activate dendritic cells (DCs) as bone fide DAMPs. (A) Schematic of the in vitro bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC or simply DC) maturation protocol. (B) Macrophage and dendritic cell markers in control and DAMP treated BMDCs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a positive control. (C,D) Dendritic cell markers CD40 and CD86 after treatment with indicated compounds. Data are the mean ± stdv from three separate determinations. (E,F) IL-6 cytokine production after treatment with the indicated compounds. (G,H) TNF-α production after treatment with the indicated compounds.