Table 4.
Interdependence relations between the low-medium-high levels of Self-Regulation and External Regulation (Regulatory Teaching) as independent variables, in achievement emotions, burnout and engagement.
| DVs | Self-regulation | External regulation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Low | 2. Medium | 3. High | 1. Low | 2. Medium | 3. High | |
| DR (n = 104) | NR (n = 215) | SR (n = 99) | EDR (n = 85) | ENR (n = 173) | ER (n = 172) | |
| Class Achievement Emotions (CAE) | ||||||
| Positives (+) | 2.97 (0.59) | 3.38 (0.54) | 3.84 (0.61)* | 3.11 (0.67) | 3.29 (0.58) | 3.72 (0.60) |
| Negatives (–) | 2.43 (0.63) | 2.05 (0.56) | 1.69 (0.54)* | 2.29 (0.64) | 2.14 (0.62) | 1.81 (0.55)3 <2, 1* |
| Enjoyment (+) | 2.88 (0.63) | 3.23 (0.62) | 3.65 (0.72)* | 2.99 (0.72) | 3.13 (0.62) | 3.58 (0.66)* |
| Hope (+) | 2.98 (0.66) | 3.51 (0.56) | 4.03 (0.63)* | 3.22 (0.73) | 3.42 (0.64) | 3.84 (0.64)* |
| Pride (+) | 3.05 (0.70) | 3.41 (0.62) | 3.84 (0.68)* | 3.11 (0.70) | 3.29 (0.64) | 3.80 (0.64)* |
| Boredom (–) | 2.75 (0.87) | 2.27 (0.79) | 1.90 (0.80)* | 2.60 (0.97) | 2.39 (0.80) | 1.91 (0.77)* |
| Anger (–) | 2.19 (0.73) | 1.86 (0.66) | 1.57 (0.62)* | 2.12 (0.74) | 1.96 (0.67) | 1.56 (0.54)* |
| Anxiety (–) | 2.51 (0.72) | 2.18 (0.65) | 1.78 (0.62)* | 2.24 (0.71) | 2.21 (0.74) | 1.97 (0.65) 3 <2, 1* |
| Shame (–) | 2.57 (0.91) | 2.19 (0.80) | 1.79 (0.75)* | 2.21 (0.83) | 2.21 (0.88) | 1.99 (0.74) |
| Hopelessness (–) | 2.14 (0.74) | 1.75 (0.60) | 1.40 (0.55)* | 1.85 (0.70) | 1.86 (0.70) | 1.50 (0.50) 3 <2, 1* |
| Learning Achievement Emotions (LAE) | ||||||
| Positives | 3.27 (0.61) | 3.63 (0.53) | 4.01 (0.57)* | 3.36 (0.62) | 3.55 (0.59) | 3.98 (0.51)* |
| Negatives | 2.61 (0.69) | 2.14 (0.62) | 1.80 (0.62)* | 2.37 (0.80) | 2.30 (0.69) | 1.89 (0.56) 3 <2, 1* |
| Enjoyment (+) | 3.13 (0.63) | 3.46 (0.57) | 3.90 (0.59)* | 3.18 (0.82) | 3.46 (0.68) | 3.73 (0.57)* |
| Hope (+) | 3.16 (0.74) | 3.64 (0.66) | 4.14 (0.68)* | 3.34 (0.83) | 3.56 (0.73) | 4.01 (0.64) 3>2, 1* |
| Pride (+) | 3.34 (0.76) | 3.76 (0.63) | 4.20 (0.63)* | 3.11 (0.70) | 3.29 (0.64) | 3.80 (0.64)* |
| Boredom (–) | 2.72 (0.88) | 2.23 (0.83) | 1.79 (0.75)* | 2.60 (0.97) | 2.39 (0.80) | 1.91 (0.77) 3 <2, 1* |
| Anger (–) | 2.29 (0.82) | 1.96 (0.73) | 1.59 (0.64)* | 2.11 (0.81) | 1.96 (0.67) | 1.56 (0.54) 1>2, 3* |
| Anxiety (–) | 2.97 (0.70) | 2.57 (0.64) | 2.27 (0.68)* | 2.11 (0.71) | 2.24 (0.74) | 1.97 (0.65) 3 <2, 1* |
| Shame (–) | 2.60 (0.82) | 2.07 (0.76) | 1.82 (0.76)* | 2.21 (0.83) | 2.21 (0.88) | 1.99 (0.74) ns |
| Hopelessness (–) | 2.39 (0.90) | 1.90 (0.72) | 1.52 (0.71)* | 1.85 (0.70) | 1.86 (0.70) | 1.50 (0.66) 3 <2, 1* |
| Test Achievement Emotions (TAE) | ||||||
| Positives (+) | 2.88 (0.68) | 3.24 (0.60) | 3.60 (0.62)* | 3.00 (0.68) | 3.15 (0.65) | 3.51 (0.62)* |
| Negatives (–) | 2.78 (0.56) | 2.51 (0.55) | 2.27 (0.56)* | 2.61 (0.65) | 2.58 (0.55) | 2.44 (0.55) 3 <2, 1* |
| Enjoyment (+) | 2.81 (0.70) | 3.10 (0.68) | 3.38 (0.81)* | 2.87 (0.70) | 3.08 (0.70) | 3.32 (0.67)* |
| Hope (+) | 2.87 (0.77) | 3.32 (0.66) | 3.74 (0.75)* | 3.08 (0.73) | 3.21 (0.78) | 3.63 (0.68) 3, 2>1* |
| Pride (+) | 2.96 (0.76) | 3.33 (0.76) | 1.70 (0.57)* | 3.07 (0.70) | 3.25 (0.72) | 3.58 (0.75)* |
| Relief (–) | 3.50 (0.85) | 3.68 (0.75) | 3.63 (0.88) | 3.38 (0.84) | 3.67 (0.76) | 3.75 (0.82)* |
| Anger (–) | 2.51 (0.70) | 2.19 (0.68) | 1.91 (0.67)* | 2.24 (0.68) | 2.25 (0.66) | 1.99 (0.69) 3 <2, 1* |
| Anxiety (–) | 3.28 (0.83) | 2.90 (0.83) | 2.60 (0.86)* | 2.88 (0.94) | 2.94 (0.90) | 2.83 (0.85) n.s. |
| Shame (–) | 2.20 (0.87) | 1.84 (0.74) | 1.61 (0.75)* | 2.01 (0.89) | 1.96 (0.77) | 1.72 (0.74) 3 <2, 1* |
| Hopelessness (–) | 2.41 (0.88) | 1.96 (0.79) | 1.59 (0.78)* | 2.07 (0.91) | 2.04 (0.81) | 1.72 (0.79) 3 <2, 1* |
| Burnout (–) | 2.61 (0.62) | 2.20 (0.53) | 1.88 (0.53)* | 2.42 (0.68) | 2.32 (0.58) | 1.87 (0.56)* |
| Depletion | 2.96 (0.82) | 2.52 (0.54) | 2.16 (0.59)* | 2.69 (0.87) | 2.62 (0.79) | 2.34 (0.83)* |
| Cynicism | 2.45 (0.93) | 2.01 (0.81) | 1.78 (0.75)* | 2.25 (0.92) | 2.17 (0.85) | 1.78 (0.77)* |
| Lack of Effectiveness | 2.43 (0.47) | 2.08 (0.52) | 1.71 (0.48)* | 2.33 (0.65) | 2.17 (0.52) | 1.80 (0.51)* |
| Engagement (+) | 3.15 (0.63) | 3.44 (0.60) | 3.84 (0.60)* | 3.20 (0.70) | 3.37 (0.61) | 3.38 (0.78)* |
| Vigor | 2.86 (0.82) | 3.23 (0.71) | 3.69 (0.68)* | 2.95 (0.73) | 3.14 (0.73) | 3.57 (0.73)* |
| Dedication | 3.59 (0.77) | 3.86 (0.69) | 4.17 (0.18)* | 3.62 (0.85) | 3.77 (0.69) | 4.18 (0.64)* |
| Absorption | 3.00 (0.80) | 3.22 (0.79) | 3.67 (0.79)* | 3.02 (0.88) | 3.20 (0.80) | 3.58 (0.77)* |
SR, Self-Regulation; NR, Non-Regulation; DR, Dys-Regulation; ER, External Regulation; ENR, External Non-Regulation; EDR, External Dys-Regulation.
*
Statistical significance effect in each variable: p <0.001.