Table 4. Baseline characteristics and parameters of body composition following BIA in patients with atrial fibrillation in relation to the ESC 2016 classification.
| Parameter | Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (n = 32) | Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (n = 60) | Patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (n = 28) | p value | ||
| A | B | C | A vs. B | A vs. C | B vs. C | |
| Age (years) | 69.97 ± 9.81 | 69.27 ± 8.84 | 73.27 ± 9.35 | 0.720 | 0.185 | 0.055 |
| Male gender (n, %) | 15 (46.9) | 30 (50.0) | 15 (53.6) | 0.640 | 0.467 | 0.704 |
| Smoking habit (n, %) | 0.072 | 0.490 | 0.343 | |||
| Currently | 3 (9.4) | 6 (10.0) | 4 (14.3) | |||
| In the past | 8 (25.0) | 25 (41.7) | 8 (28.6) | |||
| Hypertension (n, %) | 26 (81.3) | 52 (86.7) | 24 (85.7) | 0.432 | 0.491 | 0.954 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 11 (34.4) | 20 (33.3) | 12 (42.9) | 0.966 | 0.402 | 0.364 |
| CCI (score) | 4.12 ± 1.98 | 3.85 ± 1.82 | 5.25 ± 1.73 | 0.509 | 0.021 | 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 1856.39 ± 2831.35 | 2111.69 ± 3230.18 | 2479.48 ± 2374.31 | 0.704 | 0.366 | 0.597 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 96.24 ± 34.14 | 93.18 ± 42.54 | 86.57 ± 37.35 | 0.724 | 0.295 | 0.483 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 123.38 ± 69.21 | 107.43 ± 53.52 | 95.50 ± 30.46 | 0.216 | 0.053 | 0.275 |
| Left ventricular diastolic diameter (mm) | 49.59 ± 4.63 | 49.98 ± 6.54 | 52.30 ± 9.41 | 0.761 | 0.144 | 0.180 |
| Left ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm) | 11.71 ± 1.73 | 11.30 ± 1.75 | 11.98 ± 1.71 | 0.283 | 0.532 | 0.091 |
| Interventricular septum thickness (mm) | 11.94 ± 1.69 | 11.54 ± 1.88 | 12.21 ± 2.01 | 0.305 | 0.562 | 0.128 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 58.03 ± 8.79 | 53.28 ± 9.85 | 45.11 ± 11.25 | 0.021 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 44.53 ± 9.11 | 45.60 ± 7.16 | 50.96 ± 5.17 | 0.531 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial area adjusted for body surface area (cm2/m2) in apical four-chamber view | 12.70 ± 2.89 | 13.12 ± 2.14 | 15.94 ± 3.96 | 0.419 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Left atrial volume adjusted for body area (ml/m2) in apical four-chamber view | 47.83 ± 15.72 | 49.58 ± 12.46 | 68.17 ± 24.57 | 0.556 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| FM (%) | 37.4 ± 9.9 | 36.8 ± 8.0 | 31.3 ± 11.3 | 0.788 | 0.045 | 0.019 |
| Patients with obesity; defined as FM > 25% for males and > 35% for females (n, %) | 20 (71.43) | 35 (70.0) | 11 (47.8) | 0.896 | 0.049 | 0.045 |
| Level of visceral adipose tissue (score 1-59) | 15.2 ± 4.7 | 15.5 ± 4.8 | 14.7 ± 4.4 | 0.801 | 0.716 | 0.523 |
| Patients with excess of visceral adiposity (> 26 score) (n, %) | 20 (71.4) | 36 (72.0) | 16 (69.6) | 0.958 | 0.887 | 0.834 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 52.4 ± 11.6 | 54.8 ± 11.0 | 60.6 ± 13.8 | 0.381 | 0.026 | 0.057 |
| TBW (kg) | 45.7 ± 5.6 | 38.8 ± 8.4 | 42.7 ± 9.9 | 0.355 | 0.035 | 0.092 |
| Predicted muscle mass (kg) | 49.8 ± 11.1 | 52.0 ± 10.5 | 57.6 ± 13.1 | 0.380 | 0.026 | 0.057 |
| Percentage of skeletal muscle mass (%) | 35.6 ± 5.5 | 35.8 ± 4.5 | 38.9 ± 6.4 | 0.843 | 0.054 | 0.021 |
| Patients with sarcopenia in relation to established cut-off values given in abbreviations (n, %) | 14 (43.8) | 20 (33.3) | 5 (17.8) | 0.587 | 0.031 | 0.125 |
| Patients with sarcopenia in relation to established cut-off values for SMI given in abbreviations (n, %) | 13 (40.6) | 17 (28.3) | 4 (14.3) | 0.231 | 0.024 | 0.151 |
| Metabolic age (years) | 72.1 ± 11.6 | 72.0 ± 11.2 | 68.0 ± 12.8 | 0.991 | 0.244 | 0.179 |
| Difference between metric and metabolic age (years) | 0.68 ± 12.7 | 2.8 ± 12.4 | -2.9 ± 13.3 | 0.472 | 0.322 | 0.075 |
| Patients with metabolic age greater than metric (n, %) | 15 (53.6) | 30 (60.0) | 8 (34.8) | 0.587 | 0.187 | 0.046 |
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal) | 1577.5 ± 333.7 | 1642.7 ± 318.4 | 1795.6 ± 415.0 | 0.397 | 0.043 | 0.088 |
BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; FM, fat mass; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NT-proBNP, NH(2)-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; SMI, skeletal muscle index; TBW, total body water.
Established cut-off values for % of skeletal muscle mass were: < 37% for men (relevant to class I sarcopenia for men) and < 27.6% for women; established cut-off values for SMI were: ≤ 10.76 kg/m2 for men and ≤ 6.76 kg/m2 for women.