Fig. 4.

In vitro antibacterial activities of TRIDENT against antibiotic-sensitive bacteria. a Images of the colonies formed on Luria-Bertani broth-agar plates (E. coli, EC, and S. aureus, SA). Statistical analysis of the bacterial cell viability by log₁₀ (CFU mL⁻¹) for b EC and c SA. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Student’s t test). d Images of live (green fluorescence) and dead (red fluorescence) bacterial cells following various treatments. Scale bars: 10 μm. e SEM images of bacteria after treatment with different groups. White arrows denote the morphological damages in bacterial cell. Scale bars: 1 μm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file