. 2019 Sep 24;9:13764. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50205-0

Table 1.

Comparison of control and dementia groups.

Parameter	Controls		Dementia			P value
Parameter	Blood donors	Non-dementia patients	Alzheimer disease	Mixed-type dementia	Vascular dementia	P value
N	128	12	48	34	40
Sex (F/M)	90/38	10/2	34/15	22/11	21/19	0.171^χ2
Age [yrs.]^e	57.9 ± 6.2	70.2 ± 12.3^a	74.9 ± 8^a	75.5 ± 7.4^a	72.8 ± 8.4^a	<0.0001^A
Education [yrs.]^e	—	11 ± 3.2	9.5 ± 3.1	8.4 ± 3.6	9.5 ± 2.7	0.077^A
MNA^f	—	14 (13.75–14)	13 (13–13)^b	13 (13–13)^b	13 (13–13)^b	<0.001^K
BMI [kg/m²]^e	—	25.2 ± 4.2	27.1 ± 4.1	27.5 ± 4.1	29 ± 5.2^b	0.047^A
MMSE^f	—	29 (28.75–29.25)	17 (14–20.5)^b	19 (17–22)^b,c	19 (15–21)^b	<0.0001^K
CDR^f	—	0 (0–0)	1 (1–2)^b	1 (1–2)^b	2 (1–2)^b	<0.0001^K
WMH^f	—	1 (1–1)	1 (1–2)	2 (2–3)^b,c	3 (2–3)^b–d	<0.0001^K
GCA^f	—	1 (1–1)	2 (2–2)^b	2 (2–2)^b	2 (2–3)^b,c	<0.0001^K
MTA^f	—	1 (0–1)	2 (2–2.75)^b	2.25 (2–3)^b	2.5 (2–3)^b	<0.0001^K
HIS^f	—	2 (1–2.25)	3 (2–3)^b	5 (5–6)^b,c	7 (7–8)^b–d	<0.0001^K
Arginine [µM]^g	148.2 (141–155)	108 (86.5–135)^a	107.5 (99.7–116)^a	116 (104–130)^a	94.3 (87.7–101)^a,c,d	<0.001^A
ADMA [µM]^g	0.39 (0.38–0.4)	0.35 (0.29–0.42)	0.37 (0.35–0.38)	0.38 (0.36–0.39)	0.36 (0.34–0.38)^a	0.018^A
SDMA [µM]^g	0.31 (0.30–0.32)	0.31 (0.27–0.36)	0.33 (0.31–0.35)	0.33 (0.32–0.35)	0.35 (0.31–0.36)^a	0.001^A
Citrulline [µM]^g	39.5 (36.3–42.9)	25.5 (19.3–33.5)^a	26.4 (23.3–30)^a	24.5 (20.3–29.6)^a	26.8 (23.7–30.2)^a	<0.001^A
DMA [µM]^g	1.23 (1.17–1.28)	1.17 (1–1.36)	1.35 (1.2–1.52)	1.3 (1.22–1.37)	1.45 (1.32–1.6)^a	0.013^A
Arg/ADMA^g	383.4 (363–405)	309 (255–375)^a	294.8 (274–317)^a	309.7 (277–346)^a	263.3 (243–286)^a	<0.001^A

N, number of participants; F/M, female-to-male ratio; yrs., years; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA, symmetric dimethylarginine; DMA, dimethylamine; Arg/ADMA, arginine-to-ADMA ratio; MNA, the Mini Nutritional Assessment score; BMI, body mass index; MMSEs, the Mini Mental State Examination score; CDR; the Clinical Dementia Rating; WMH, the Fazekas scale for white matters hyperintensities; GCA, the Global Cortical Atrophy scale; MTA, the Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy; HIS, the Hachinski Ischemic Scale; ^χ2Chi-squared test; ^Aone-way analysis of variance; ^KKruskal-Wallis H test; ^asignificantly different from blood donors; ^bsignificantly different from non-dementia control group; ^csignificantly different from Alzheimer disease, ^dsignificantly different from mixed-type dementia; ^edata presented as mean ± standard deviation; ^fdata presented as medians with interquartile range; ^gdata presented as geometric mean with 95% confidence interval.