Figure 1.

Valosin-containing protein (VCP) inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) under extensive calcium-overloading. A, The relative change of the fluorescence level of Rhod2 (indicator of Ca²⁺ inside mitochondria) in samples during the additions of 50 mM Ca²⁺ in the mitochondria isolated from wild type (WT) and VCP transgenic (TG) mice, compared to the blank buffer without mitochondria, upon the absence or presence of mPTP inhibitor [cyclosporin A, (CSA)]. Blank is the control buffer with the same amount of Ca²⁺ loading as the measured samples but without mitochondria. B, The increase of fluorescence of Ca-green-5N (indicator of Ca²⁺ outside mitochondria) in the samples compared to the blank control. C, The relative fluorescence of Ca-green-5N of the mitochondrial samples (F) from the blank buffer (Blank).