Table 3.

Acute clinical studies examining changes in glucose metabolism in healthy participants in response to antipsychotic treatment.

AUTHORS	PARTICIPANTS	AP TREATMENT	EFFECT ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM
Albaugh et al. (2011) [12]	Male (8) + Female (7) Mean age: 26.6	Olanzapine; 10 mg/kg; 3 days	• Worsened glucose tolerance (OGTT) • No change in serum insulin in response to glucose bolus
Hahn et al. (2013) [11]	Male (12) + Female (3) Mean age: 30.13	Olanzapine; oral; 10 mg Once	• Increased fasting glucose • Decreased glucose effectiveness
Kopf et al. (2012) [72]	Male (10) Age: 24–30 (no mean)	Olanzapine; Oral; 10 mg Once	• No effect on insulin sensitivity (euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp) • Insulin secretion remained intact (hyperglycemic clamp, insulin levels, c-peptide levels)
Sowell et al. (2002) [70]	• Olanzapine • Male (13) + Female (4); Mean age: 33.1 • Risperidone • Male (13), Female (0); Mean age: 28.0	• Olanzapine; oral; 10 mg/day • Risperidone; oral; 4 mg/day 15–17 days	• Increase in body weight • Increase in fasting insulin/c-peptide levels, no change in fasting blood glucose • Insulin response/secretion remained intact (hyperglycemic clamp) • Slight decrease in insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index via hyperglycemic clamp)
Sowell et al. (2003) [71]	Males + Females (Olanzapine 77.3% males; Risperidone 57.1% males, placebo 68.4% males) Mean age: 33.5	• Olanzapine; oral; 10 mg/day • Risperidone; oral; 4 mg/day 21–23 days	• Increased weight gain with AP treatment • No change in insulin sensitivity (HIEC) • No difference in glucose tolerance or insulin secretion in response to mixed-meal tolerance test
Sacher et al. (2008) [73]	Males (35) Mean age: 24.0	• Olanzapine; oral; 10 mg/day • Ziprasidone; oral; 80 mg/day 10 days	• Olanzapine increased BMI • Olanzapine decreased whole body insulin sensitivity (HIEC-decreased glucose uptake) • Olanzapine slightly increased serum insulin levels
Teff et al. (2013) [69]	Males (21) + Females (9) Mean age: 26.1	• Olanzapine; oral; 5 mg, 2 days, 10 mg; 7 days • Aripriprazole; oral; 5 mg, 2 days, 10 mg; 7 days	• Olanzapine increased fasting insulin compared to placebo, no change in fasting blood glucose • Olanzapine increased post-prandial insulin, GLP-1, glucagon • Olanzapine increased insulin resistance (HIEC) • No change in body weight, physical activity level, total hunger rating
Vidarsdottir et al. (2009) [74]	Males (12) Mean age: 25.1	• Olanzapine; oral standard tablets; 10 mg/day • Olanzapine; oral disintegrating tablets; 10 mg/day 8 days	• No change in adiposity • Olanzapine (both formulations) induced insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
Vidarsdottir et al. (2010) [75]	Males (14) Mean age: 25.7	• Olanzapine; oral; 10 mg/day • Haloperidol; oral; 3 mg/day 8 days	• Olanzapine had no effect on fasting glucose, insulin • Olanzapine decreased insulin sensitivity (HIEC) • Decreased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal • Olanzapine increased blood glucagon, prolactin

AP: antipsychotic, OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test, HIEC: Hyperinsulinemic-euclycemic clamp.