Table 1.
Bio-psychosocial variables from 31-year data inventory according to selection criteria 1 & 2
| Explanatory variables at age 31 years n = 5078 | Descriptive statistics | Association with F-glucose at 46 yearsa | Inclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (SD) or number (%) | Min | Max | Estimate (beta, 95% CI) | P value | ||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 3834 | 5.54 (0.59) | 2.50c | 21.20 | 0.41 (0.37, 0.45) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| Insulin (µIU/mL)b | 3818 | 7.40 (6.10–9.30) | 2.90 | 72.10 | 0.04 (0.04, 0.05) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 3755 | 83.0 (11.7) | 51.0 | 147.0 | 0.02 (0.02, 0.02) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 3883 | 24.4 (4.0) | 15.3 | 54.4 | 0.05 (0.04, 0.05) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 3861 | 1.58 (0.38) | 0.53 | 3.26 | −0.41 (−0.48, −0.35) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| TG (mmol/L)b | 3861 | 0.97 (0.71–1.37) | 0.19 | 11.10 | 0.22 (0.19, 0.26) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 3869 | 124.2 (13.5) | 82.0 | 204.0 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 3862 | 76.8 (11.5) | 35.0 | 124.0 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| Depressionb | 4969 | 1.27 (1.13–1.47) | 1.00 | 3.80 | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.01) | 0.017 | ✓ |
| Anxietyb | 4980 | 1.20 (1.10–1.40) | 1.00 | 3.50 | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.756 | ✗ |
| Optimism | 4973 | 19.1 (2.3) | 6.0 | 30.0 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.296 | ✗ |
| Active coping | 3338 | 14.3 (2.9) | 5.0 | 20.0 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.141 | ✗ |
| Adaptive coping | 3316 | 15.7 (3.3) | 6.0 | 24.0 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) | <0.001 | ✓ |
| Passive copingb | 3386 | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 4.0 | 15.0 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.797 | ✗ |
| Basic education | 5044 | ✓ | |||||
| Matriculation examination | 2295 (45) | Ref | |||||
| Basic school | 2749 (55) | 0.14 (0.09, 0.18) | <0.001 | ||||
| Further education | 5012 | ✓ | |||||
| University | 1362 (27) | Ref | |||||
| Vocational training | 3403 (68) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | 0.008 | ||||
| No further education | 247 (5) | 0.19 (0.08, 0.30) | 0.001 | ||||
| Occupation | 4960 | ✓ | |||||
| Professional | 3143 (63) | Ref | |||||
| Manual worker/farmer | 1560 (31) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.22) | <0.001 | ||||
| Unemployed | 257 (5) | −0.04, (−0.15, 0.06) | 0.406 | ||||
| Household income | 4354 | ✓ | |||||
| Rank 0 (highest) | 818 (19) | Ref | |||||
| Rank 1 | 912 (21) | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) | 0.770 | ||||
| Rank 2 | 935 (21) | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15) | 0.071 | ||||
| Rank 3 | 876 (20) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.08) | 0.897 | ||||
| Rank 4 (lowest) | 813 (19) | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) | 0.780 | ||||
| Marital status | 5031 | ✓ | |||||
| Married/co-habiting | 3779 (75) | Ref | |||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 1252 (25) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.15) | <0.001 | ||||
| Employment status | 5000 | ✓ | |||||
| Employed | 3526 (71) | Ref | |||||
| Not in labour force | 909 (18) | −0.12 (−0.18, −0.07) | <0.001 | ||||
| Unemployed | 565 (11) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.280 | ||||
| Employment history | 5023 | ✗ | |||||
| Mostly employed | 4658 (93) | Ref | 0.556 | ||||
| Mostly unemployed | 365 (7) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.11) | |||||
| Home ownership | 5039 | ✓ | |||||
| Own home | 2773 (55) | Ref | |||||
| Not own home | 2266 (45) | 0.04 (−0.00, 0.09) | 0.057 | ||||
| Sleep quality | 5045 | ✓ | |||||
| Good | 3389 (67) | Ref | |||||
| Medium | 1368 (27) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.513 | ||||
| Bad | 288 (6) | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | 0.011 | ||||
| Life satisfaction | 5027 | ✓ | |||||
| Very satisfied | 1150 (23) | Ref | |||||
| Satisfied | 3427 (68) | 0.06 (0.00, 0.11) | 0.043 | ||||
| Average | 335 (7) | 0.19 (0.09, 0.29) | <0.001 | ||||
| Not very satisfied | 48 (1) | 0.26 (0.03, 0.50) | 0.029 | ||||
| Not at all satisfied | 67 (1) | 0.12 (−0.08, 0.32) | 0.250 | ||||
Mean and standard deviation (SD) are shown for all normally distributed continuous variables. BMI body mass index, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterols, TG triglycerides, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure
aMean fasting glucose at age 46 years was 5.51 (0.82) mmol/L, which was not statistically different to 31-year glucose when standardised to account for methodological differences in measurement (P > 0.05)
bMedian, 25 and 75% point estimate are presented for skewed continuous variables. Number and percentage (%) are shown for all categorical variables. All regression analyses are unadjusted
cOne participant had a glucose level below 2.50 mmol/L, but was retained in the study