Table 1. Descriptive statistics.
| VARIABLES | Sample size | Mean | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (all) | 10,535 | 25.679 | 0.000 | 66.630 |
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (support level 1) | 10,535 | 0.402 | 0.000 | 2.330 |
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (support level 2) | 10,535 | 0.892 | 0.000 | 3.270 |
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (care level 1) | 10,535 | 3.018 | 0.000 | 21.250 |
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (care level 2) | 10,535 | 4.358 | 0.000 | 35.917 |
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (care level 3) | 10,535 | 5.421 | 0.000 | 20.333 |
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (care level 4) | 10,535 | 5.898 | 0.000 | 19.000 |
| Per-elderly-individual benefits (care level 5) | 10,535 | 5.692 | 0.000 | 23.552 |
| Certification rate (all) | 10,535 | 0.169 | 0.037 | 0.402 |
| Certification rate (support level 1) | 10,535 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.097 |
| Certification rate (support level 2) | 10,535 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.084 |
| Certification rate (care level 1) | 10,535 | 0.031 | 0.000 | 0.250 |
| Certification rate (care level 2) | 10,535 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.154 |
| Certification rate (care level 3) | 10,535 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.074 |
| Certification rate (care level 4) | 10,535 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.069 |
| Certification rate (care level 5) | 10,535 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.065 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (all) | 10,535 | 152.9 | 0.0 | 474.0 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (support level 1) | 10,476 | 20.2 | 0.0 | 112.0 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (support level 2) | 10,498 | 41.1 | 0.0 | 192.8 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (care level 1) | 10,524 | 98.2 | 0.0 | 417.0 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (care level 2) | 10,531 | 149.1 | 0.0 | 862.0 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (care level 3) | 10,528 | 221.2 | 0.0 | 691.0 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (care level 4) | 10,525 | 264.6 | 0.0 | 881.0 |
| Per-certified-individual benefits (care level 5) | 10,525 | 287.8 | 0.0 | 732.0 |
Notes: Note that data for per-certified-individual benefits in some care levels are missing when the number of certified individuals in these care levels is zero. In addition, the maximum value of per-certified-individual benefits for care level 2 appears to be unusually high, but this is due to the fact that this variable is calculated as the ratio of annual LTC benefits to the number of certified elderly individuals at a certain point. This variable therefore tends to fluctuate in municipalities with small numbers of certified elderly individuals. Source: The Survey of Long-term Care Benefit Expenditures. The unit of “benefit” is 1,000 points (i.e. 10,000 JPY or around 100 USD in standard areas).