Table 5.
Adjusted ORsa (95% CI) for Congenital Heart Defects Associated with IQRb Increases in Air Pollution Exposures at Homec in Lanzhou, 2010–2012
| PM10 | NO2 | SO2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome groups | Exposure windows | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Pooled congenital heart defects (N=73) | Week 3–8 | 1.43 (0.71, 2.88) | 1. 19 (0.80, 1.78) | 0.80 (0.29, 2.23) |
| 1st trimester | 3.02 (1.26, 7.25) | 1.47 (0.90, 2.40) | 0.77 (0.15, 4.02) | |
| 2nd trimester | 4.01 (2.00, 8.01) | 1.81 (1.16, 2.85) | 0.78 (0.15, 4.01) | |
| Entire pregnancy | 2.21 (1.40, 3.50) | 2.18 (1.22, 3.88) | 1.22 (0.53, 2.83) | |
| Congenital malformation of great arteries (N=54) | Week 3–8 | 1.83 (0.84, 4.02) | 1.16 (0.71, 1.91) | 0.89 (0.28, 2.83) |
| 1st trimester | 4.06 (1.49, 11.06) | 1.41 (0.81, 2.47) | 0.69 (0.27, 1.79) | |
| 2nd trimester | 3.81 (1.73, 8.41) | 1.95 (1.16, 3.27) | 0.76 (0.11, 5.28) | |
| Entire pregnancy | 2.26 (1.32, 3.87) | 2.08 (1.09, 3.98) | 1.24 (0.47, 3.31) | |
| Congenital malformation of cardiac septa (N=19) | Week 3–8 | 1.40 (0.36, 5.49) | 0.99 (0.39, 2.52) | 1.61 (0.24, 10.75) |
| 1st trimester | 2.44 (0.44, 13.62) | 0.99 (0.36, 2.71) | 0.89 (0.15, 5.11) | |
| 2nd trimester | 5.11 (1.28, 20.41) | 1.52 (0.64, 3.64) | 2.28 (0.10, 52.89) | |
| Entire pregnancy | 2.58 (1.05, 6.31) | 1.48 (0.51, 4.3) | 5.21 (1.06, 25.47) | |
| Isolated Cases of Patent Ductus Arteriosusd (N=46) | Week 3–8 | 1.73 (0.75, 4.00) | 1.26 (0.75, 2.10) | 0.69 (0.20, 2.39) |
| 1st trimester | 3.80 (1.32, 10.97) | 1.64 (0.92, 2.94) | 0.54 (0.19, 1.52) | |
| 2nd trimester | 3.42 (1.50, 7.80) | 1.88 (1.09, 3.26) | 0.52 (0.07, 4.01) | |
| Entire pregnancy | 2.02 (1.16, 3.53) | 2.22 (1.11, 4.44) | 0.86 (0.30, 2.45) | |
Adjusted for: maternal age, maternal education, monthly family income, mother’s body mass index, folic acid intake during the 1st trimester, therapeutic drug intake, any maternal diseases, smoking status including passive and active smoking, fuel for cooking, season of conception, and temperature. For congenital malformations of cardiac septa, covariates of maternal age, income, smoking, and fuels for cooking have categories where the number of cases were ≤1. Therefore, the following changes were made for these covariates in the models: 1) s moking and fuels for cooking were excluded; 2) maternal age was categorized into two groups (≤30 and >30); 3) income was categorized into two groups (<2000 and ≥2000).
IQR: interquartile range of PM10, NO2, and SO2are specific to each exposure window (Table 1).
The exposures were estimated for women living within 50km of a monitor (n=8,729) using 2 monitors covering the entire period of study.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is the most prevalent subtype of malformations of the great arteries in this cohort. Isolated cases of PDA are the cases with PDA only.