Figure 2: Bone quality changes with aging and CKD from the tissue-scale to the whole-bone scale.
At the whole-bone scale, A) aging reduces whole-femur strength and modulus while B) CKD reduces toughness only at middle-age. From C) representative nanoindentation maps, aging reduces modulus while aging and CKD have opposite effects on the standard deviation of modulus, an indicator of bone heterogeneity. At the nanoscale, E) CKD increases the SAXS percent collagen strain at maximum strain, which F) negatively correlates with toughness for CKD but not Sham mice. Significant main effects are noted with text, while significant post-hoc effects are indicated by *.