Table 1.
PRDM14 is implicated in many human neoplasms.
| Cancer | Implications | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Breast | ● Intragenic methylation correlates with increased expression ● Genomic amplification correlates with increased expression, high mitotic index and high histological grade ● mRNA and protein overexpression (34–75%) ● Expression linked to resistance to chemotherapy ● Higher PRDM14 copy numbers in metastases, highest in brain metastases ● High PRDM14 expression correlates with poor prognosis |
[11, 13, 84, 85] |
| Bladder | ● Gene methylation associated with high-grade tumours ● mRNA overexpression |
[13, 86] |
| Blood | ● mRNA overexpression in high hyperdiploid precursor B-ALL (75%*) and T-ALL (58%*) paediatric cases | [17] |
| Cervical | ● Gene methylation associated with high-grade carcinomas ● Protein overexpression (18.4%*) |
[13, 87] |
| Colorectal | ● Gene methylation associated with tumours | [88] |
| Gastric | ● mRNA overexpression (42%*) | [11] |
| Germ Cell Tumour (GCT) | ● Intracranial GCT: copy number gains (50%*) correlated with overexpression ● Mixed GCTs (embryonal carcinoma): protein expression (100%*) ● Testicular GCT: associated with susceptibility ● Testicular seminoma: protein expression (100%*) |
[89–91] |
| Head & neck | ● Genomic amplification (16%*) | [92] |
| Non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC | ● Genomic amplification (41.5%) ● Protein overexpression (25.6%) ● High expression correlates with poor disease-free and overall survival ● PRDM14 inhibition decreases metastasis ● Gene methylation associated with tumours; diagnoses early NSCLC |
[13, 93–95] |
| Ovarian | ● mRNA and protein overexpression in ovarian cancer cell lines (27%*) and primary tumours (37.3%) | [11, 13] |
| Pancreatic | ● mRNA and protein overexpression (29.3%)Protein overexpression in premalignant precursor lesions (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia subtype) ● Chronic pancreatitis, a risk factor for pancreatic cancer |
[13–15] |
| Prostate | ● Protein overexpression (15.4%) | [13] |
| Renal | ● mRNA and protein overexpression (38.8%) | [13] |
Percentages indicate the proportion of tumours tested that had overexpression or amplification of PRDM14