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. 2019 Sep 25;9:13906. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50471-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro and in vivo signaling pathway research. After pre-cultured with different concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/ml) of PD for 24 h in vitro (A), and treated with 10 μg/ml of PD for 8 W in vivo (B), Western Blot was used to analyze the progression of the expression of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway proteins p-Akt, Akt, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-JNK, JNK, p-P38, P38, p-ERK, and ERK. Bars with different letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 and those with the same letter exhibit no significant difference. Values are the means ± SD (n = 5).