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. 2019 Sep 25;9:13856. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49862-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SPR detection of LiNA-binding to immobilized liposomes. (A) Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assay for detecting spontaneous binding of LiNAs to surface immobilized liposomes. After liposome capture (2 µl/min, 900 seconds), equilibration period (900 s) and buffer wash (20 µl/min) LiNA solution (5 µM in HBS, 600 s, 2 µl/min) or HBS (reference measurement) was injected followed by a dissociation phase under a flow of HBS (600 s, 2 µl/min). Then, complementary DNA (without lipid-modification) is injected in the same manner in both experiments. The complementary oligonucleotides showed no affinity to the liposomes on the sensor surface. The response and time axes of both runs are aligned at the point of LiNA injection (red asterisk) and the reference values subtracted. (B) Average response of LiNA-insertion for LiNA-1 (X^E) and LiNA-3 (X^EP3) and subsequent hybridization of complementary DNA to LiNA strands that remain bound to the surface after the dissociation phase. Measurements carried out at 25 °C, the solid line shows the mean signal of two injections, the dotted lines show the total error.