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. 2019 Sep 25;9:13854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50435-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cartilage regeneration following transplantation of MSCs derived from human umbilical cord. (a) Histological images showing fewer surface changes and reduced loss of proteoglycans in the MSC-treated groups compared with those in the untreated TMJ-OA-induced group. The untreated TMJ-OA-induced group demonstrated loss of chondrocytes, cellular disarrangement, abnormal thickening of the fibrous layer, changes in cellularity, disruption of osteochondral junction, necrotic bone debris surrounded by fibrous tissue and osteoclasts, and severe loss of SO staining. The DEX-treated group showed fibrillation of the cartilage surface, whereas MSC-treated groups showed a clear surface and mildly reduced SO staining. Scale bar = 100 μm. (b) Modified Mankin scores were significantly higher in the untreated TMJ-OA-induced group than in the control group, but lower in the MSC-treated groups than in the untreated TMJ-OA-induced group. No differences in Mankin scores were noted between the MSC-treated groups. Biological replicates, n = 5; technical replicates, n = 2. Data are represented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05. MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; TMJ-OA: temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis; SO: Safranin O, DEX: dexamethasone.