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. 2019 Sep 25;9:13854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50435-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reduction of inflammation following transplantation of MSCs derived from human umbilical cord. (a) Histological images of inflammation in the subchondral bone. The induced group showed resorption of trabeculae and high numbers of vacuoles and inflammatory cells. Lesser inflammation was noted in the MSC-treated groups and in the DEX-treated group than in the induced group. Scale bar = 100 μm. (b) The expression levels of genes related to cytokine expression. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-6, and Il-17 was significantly lower in the MSC- and DEX-treated groups than in the induced group. (c) Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines Tgf-β1 and Il-10 was increased in the MSC-treated groups independent of cell concentration. Biological replicates, n = 5; technical replicates, n = 3. Data are represented as mean ± SD. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. (d) The secreted inflammation-related cytokines of hUCM-MSCs. IL-1RA were secreted from the selected and injected hUCM-MSCs. TNF: tumour necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; DEX: dexamethasone; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; TGF: transforming growth factor; IL-1RA: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.