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. 2019 Sep 25;9:13842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50236-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterisation of the cell morphology. Representative fluorescent images of primary osteoblasts (A) and MC3T3-E1 cells (D) stained with DAPI for cell nuclei (blue) and rhodamine-phalloidin for actin filaments (red) (bar: 100 µm). Cells were cultured for 10 days under 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) conditions. A separate group of cells in 3D cultures for 10 days was recovered and plated back in 2D cultures for another 10 days (Re-2D). The dendrites and cell bodies of primary osteoblasts (B,C) and MC3T3-E1 cells (E,F) were morphometrically assessed and compared between 2D, 3D, and Re-2D cultures. For each culture, at least 20 cells were randomly selected and morphometrically analysed. The graphs show the mean values ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. Data were statistically analysed using a one-way ANOVA. ***p < 0.001.