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. 2019 Sep 19;12:222. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00222

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Copyright © 2019 Bao, Fan, Zhao, Xu, Liu, Chao, Liu, You, Liu, Wang and Ji.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) tissues show increased necroptosis compared with normal brain tissues (NBTs). (A) The protein expressions of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) were analyzed in human NBT (n = 4) and TBI tissues (n = 9) via western blotting. β-actin was used as a control. (B–D) Protein expression of RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL was analyzed by statistical. (E) The expressions of RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL were tested in NBT and TBI tissues from Jiangsu Province Hospital by immunohistochemistry. (F) Electron microscopy was used to examine human normal brain and TBI tissues. Intact cell membrane (violet arrow) is labeled in NBT. Complete and continuous nuclear membrane (black arrow), swollen mitochondria (green arrow) and vacuoles (red arrow) are labeled in TBI tissues. All data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) plus Tukey’s test. **P < 0.01 vs. NBT group.