Table 1.
Distribution of Blood Pathogens in the Different Vaccine Periods by Age Group
| Pathogen by Age Group | Pathogens, No. (%) | OR for Post-PCV vs Pre-PCV Periods | 95% CI | Change in Post-PCV vs Pre-PCV Periods, % | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total. | Pre-PCV Period | PCV Introduction | Post-PCV Period | |||||
| All age groups | 972 | 494 | 126 | 352 | … | … | … | … |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 242 | 160 (32.4) | 24 (19.0) | 58 (16.5) | 0.41 | .29–.58 | −15.9 | <.001 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 214 | 87 (16.9) | 31 (23.4) | 96 (27.2) | 1.75 | 1.26–2.44 | 10.3 | <.001 |
| Escherichia coli | 106 | 55 (11.1) | 12 (9.5) | 39 (11.1) | 0.99 | .64–1.54 | 0.0 | .98 |
| NTS | 97 | 61 (12.3) | 8 (6.3) | 28 (8.0) | 0.61 | .38–.98 | −4.3 | .04 |
| Other gram-negative bacteria | 73 | 30 (6.1) | 7 (5.6) | 36 (10.2) | 1.76 | 1.06–2.92 | 4.1 | .03 |
| Other gram-positive bacteria | 58 | 14 (2.8) | 18 (14.3) | 26 (7.4) | 2.73 | 1.41–5.32 | 4.6 | .002 |
| Klebsiella spp. | 46 | 20 (4.0) | 5 (4.0) | 21 (6.0) | 1.50 | .80–2.82 | 2.0 | .20 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 33 | 25 (5.1) | 4 (3.2) | 4 (1.1) | 0.22 | .07–.63 | −4.0 | <.001 |
| Haemophilus influenzae non– type b | 32 | 9 (1.8) | 8 (6.3) | 15 (4.3) | 2.40 | 1.04–5.55 | 2.5 | .04 |
| GAS | 20 | 14 (2.8) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (1.4) | 0.49 | .18–1.38 | −1.4 | .16 |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 16 | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.8) | 13 (3.7) | 9.43 | 2.12– 42.07 | 3.3 | <.001 |
| Salmonella Typhi | 16 | 9 (1.8) | 4 (3.2) | 3 (0.9) | 0.46 | .12–1.72 | −0.9 | .23 |
| H. influenzae type b | 12 | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (1.7) | 1.70 | .51–5.60 | 0.7 | .38 |
| GBS | 7 | 3 (0.6) | 2 (1.6) | 2 (0.6) | 0.94 | .16–5.63 | 0.0 | .94 |
| 2–23 mo | 332 | 173 | 39 | 120 | … | … | … | … |
| S. aureus | 92 | 38 (22.0) | 11 (28.2) | 43 (35.8) | 1.98 | 1.18–3.33 | 13.8 | .009 |
| S. pneumoniae | 81 | 57 (32.9) | 7 (17.9) | 17 (14.2) | 0.34 | .18–.61 | −18.7 | <.001 |
| NTS | 26 | 15 (8.7) | 4 (10.3) | 7 (5.8) | 0.65 | .26–1.65 | −2.9 | .36 |
| E. coli | 26 | 14 (8.1) | 1 (2.6) | 11 (9.2) | 1.15 | .50–2.62 | 1.1 | .75 |
| H. influenzae non–type b | 21 | 5 (2.9) | 7 (17.9) | 9 (7.5) | 2.72 | .89–8.34 | 4.6 | .07 |
| Other gram-negative bacteria | 19 | 5 (2.9) | 2 (5.1) | 12 (10.0) | 3.73 | 1.28–10.89 | 7.1 | .01 |
| Other gram-positive bacteria | 17 | 10 (5.8) | 1 (2.6) | 6 (5.0) | 0.86 | .30–2.43 | −0.8 | .77 |
| Klebsiella spp. | 16 | 8 (4.6) | 2 (5.1) | 6 (5.0) | 1.09 | .37–3.21 | 0.4 | .88 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 10 | 8 (4.6) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (0.8) | 0.17 | .02–1.40 | −3.8 | .12 |
| GAS | 9 | 7 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.7) | 0.40 | .08–1.97 | −2.3 | .23 |
| H. influenzae type b | 6 | 3 (1.7) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (1.7) | 0.96 | .16–5.84 | 0.0 | .96 |
| GBS | 5 | 2 (1.2) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (1.7) | 1.45 | .20–10.43 | 0.5 | .71 |
| N. meningitidis | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 2 (1.7) | 1.06 | .26–32.52 | 1.1 | .37 |
| S. Typhi | 1 | 0 | 1 (2.6) | 0 | … | … | NA | … |
| 24–59 mo | 145 | 61 | 27 | 57 | … | … | … | … |
| S. pneumoniae | 41 | 20 (32.8) | 7 (25.9) | 14 (24.6) | 0.67 | .30–1.49 | −8.2 | .32 |
| S. aureus | 33 | 10 (16.4) | 9 (33.3) | 14 (24.6) | 1.66 | .67–4.11 | 8.2 | .27 |
| NTS | 18 | 10 (16.4) | 1 (3.7) | 7 (12.3) | 0.71 | .25–2.02 | −4.1 | .52 |
| Other gram-positive bacteria | 10 | 2 (3.3) | 4 (14.8) | 4 (7.0) | 2.23 | .39–12.65 | 3.7 | .35 |
| E. coli | 8 | 2 (3.3) | 2 (7.4) | 4 (7.0) | 2.23 | .39–12.65 | 3.7 | .35 |
| Other gram-negative bacteria | 8 | 6 (9.8) | 1 (3.7) | 1 (1.8) | 0.16 | .02–1.40 | −8.0 | .05 |
| N. meningitidis | 7 | 1 (1.6) | 1 (3.7) | 5 (8.8) | 5.77 | .64–50.98 | 7.2 | .07 |
| Klebsiella spp. | 6 | 2 (3.3) | 1 (3.7) | 3 (5.3) | 1.64 | .26–10.19 | 2.0 | .59 |
| H. influenzae non–type b | 4 | 3 (4.9) | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 0.35 | .03–3.42 | −3.1 | .33 |
| GAS | 4 | 1 (1.6) | 1 (3.7) | 2 (3.5) | 2.18 | .19–24.74 | 1.9 | .52 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 2 | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 1.07 | .07–17.54 | 0.2 | .96 |
| H. influenzae type b | 2 | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 1.07 | .07–17.54 | 0.2 | .96 |
| GBS | 1 | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| S. Typhi | 1 | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| 5–14 y | 127 | 45 | 23 | 59 | … | … | … | … |
| S. aureus | 42 | 13 (28.9) | 6 (26.1) | 23 (39.0) | 1.57 | .69–3.61 | 10.1 | .28 |
| S. pneumoniae | 24 | 13 (28.9) | 3 (13.0) | 8 (13.6) | 0.39 | .14–1.03 | −15.3 | .054 |
| Other gram-negative bacteria | 14 | 5 (11.1) | 3 (13.0) | 6 (10.2) | 0.91 | .26–3.18 | −0.9 | .88 |
| NTS | 11 | 6 (13.3) | 2 (8.7) | 3 (5.1) | 0.35 | .08–1.48 | −8.2 | .14 |
| Other gram-positive bacteria | 9 | 0 | 5 (21.7) | 4 (6.8) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | NA |
| S. Typhi | 6 | 3 (6.7) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0.24 | .02–2.40 | −5.0 | .19 |
| E. coli | 5 | 0 | 1 (4.3) | 4 (6.8) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| Klebsiella spp. | 4 | 2 (4.4) | 0 | 2 (3.4) | 0.75 | .10–5.57 | −1.0 | .78 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 4 | 2 (4.4) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (1.7) | 0.37 | .03–4.22 | −2.7 | .42 |
| N. meningitidis | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 (6.8) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| H. influenzae non–type b | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 (5.1) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| H. influenzae type b | 1 | 1 (2.2) | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| GAS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| GBS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| ≥15 y | 359 | 210 | 36 | 113 | … | … | … | … |
| S. pneumoniae | 93 | 69 (32.9) | 6 (16.7) | 18 (15.9) | 0.39 | .22–.69 | −17.0 | <.001 |
| E. coli | 66 | 38 (18.1) | 8 (22.2) | 20 (17.7) | 0.97 | .54–1.77 | −0.4 | .93 |
| S. aureus | 47 | 26 (12.4) | 5 (13.9) | 16 (14.2) | 1.17 | .60–2.28 | 1.8 | .65 |
| NTS | 42 | 30 (14.3) | 1 (2.8) | 11 (9.7) | 0.65 | .31–1.35 | −4.6 | .23 |
| Other gram-negative bacteria | 30 | 12 (5.7) | 1 (2.8) | 17 (15.0) | 2.92 | 1.34–6.36 | 9.3 | .006 |
| Other gram-positive bacteria | 22 | 2 (1.0) | 8 (22.2) | 12 (10.6) | 10.94 | 2.38– 50.33 | 9.6 | <.001 |
| Klebsiella spp. | 18 | 7 (3.3) | 2 (5.6) | 9 (8.0) | 2.51 | .91–6.93 | 4.7 | .08 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 17 | 14 (6.7) | 2 (5.6) | 1 (0.9) | 0.12 | .02–.96 | −5.8 | .008 |
| S. Typhi | 8 | 5 (2.4) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (1.8) | 0.74 | .14–3.87 | −0.6 | .72 |
| GAS | 7 | 6 (2.9) | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0.30 | .04–2.55 | −2.0 | .21 |
| H. influenzae non–type b | 3 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (0.9) | 1.87 | .12–.12 | 0.4 | .66 |
| H. influenzae type b | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 (2.7) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| N. meningitidis | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 (1.8) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | NA | … |
| GBS | 1 | 0 | 1 (2.8) | 0 | … | … | NA | … |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GAS, group A streptococci; GBS, group B streptococci; NA, not available; NTS, nontyphoidal Salmonella; OR, odds ratio; PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.