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. 2019 Sep 19;10:1079. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01079

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Copyright © 2019 Shao, Tu and Shao

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway. Keap1 is an OS sensor and negatively regulates Nrf2. Once exposed to ROS, the activated Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, binds to antioxidant response element (ARE), heterodimerizes with one of the small Maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog) proteins, and enhances the upregulation of cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification genes that mediate cell survival.