Comparison 1. Beta‐blockers vs control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Early all‐cause mortality	16	11446	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.17 [0.89, 1.54]
2 Long‐term mortality	4	1215	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.58, 1.17]
3 Death due to cardiac causes	3	9047	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.25 [0.90, 1.75]
4 Acute myocardial infarction	12	10520	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.60, 0.87]
5 Cerebrovascular events	6	9460	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.65 [0.97, 2.81]
6 Ventricular arrhythmias	5	476	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.35, 1.47]
7 Atrial fibrillation and flutter	9	9080	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.21, 0.79]
8 Bradycardia	49	12239	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.49 [1.74, 3.56]
9 Hypotension	49	12304	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.40 [1.29, 1.51]
10 Congestive heart failure	6	9212	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.94, 1.48]
11 Length of stay (in days)	4	404	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.21 [‐2.75, 0.33]