Aoyama 2016.

Methods	RCT, parallel design
Participants	Total number of randomized participants: 50 Inclusion criteria: adults of either gender; 20‐90 years of age; ASA I or II; scheduled to undergo elective segmentectomy, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy of the lung under GA with thoracic epidural anaesthesia Exclusion criteria: participant refusal; inability to communicate in Japanese; contraindications to epidural anaesthesia; recent history or evidence of acute MI; and supraventricular arrhythmia (under treatment or requiring treatment); 2nd‐ or 3rd‐degree atrioventricular block; severe heart failure; left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35%; prohibition from beta‐blocker; hypotension (≤ 90/60 mmHg); bradycardia (≤ 50 bpm) Type of surgery: elective segmentectomy, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy of the lung Baseline characteristics Intervention group (landiolol hydrochloride) Age, mean (SD): 67.4 (± 8.7) years Gender, M/F: 14/11 Control group (placebo) Age, mean (SD): 66.9 (± 8.9) years Gender, M/F: 17/8 Country: Japan Setting: single‐centre; hospital
Interventions	Intervention group (landiolol hydrochloride) Randomized, n = 25; losses = 0; analysed, n = 25 (used ITT analysis) Details: given during induction of GA, rate of 5 µg/kg/min, IV, continued until end of anaesthesia Control group (placebo) Randomized, n = 25; losses = 0; analysed, n = 25 Details: placebo, normal saline, given same as the intervention group
Outcomes	Outcomes measured/reported by study authors: AF (in 7 days postoperatively); predictive bio‐markers of AF (serum magnesium, IL6 etc.); adverse events (not specified); mortality (time point not specified) Outcomes relevant to the review: AF; mortality
Notes	Funding/declarations of interest: not reported. Study authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest Study dates: September 2009‐November 2010
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Use of computer‐generated randomization table
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Use of sealed, non‐transparent envelopes
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Described as double‐blinded, placebo controlled. We have assumed that participants were blinded
Blinding of outcome assessors (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No losses reported. Study authors planned to use ITT analysis
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Study authors did not report prospective clinical trial registration or publication of a protocol. It was not feasible to effectively assess risk of reporting bias
Other bias	Low risk	Not detected