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. 2019 Jul 18;8(15):e011954. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.011954

Table 4.

Predictors of PCS Use in AMI‐CS

Total cohort (N=444 253) Odds Ratio 95% CI P value
Lower Limit Upper Limit
Age groups, y
19–49 Reference category
50–59 1.17 1.05 1.29 0.003
60–69 1.47 1.32 1.63 <0.001
70–79 1.84 1.64 2.05 <0.001
≥80 3.41 3.04 3.81 <0.001
Female sex 1.22 1.18 1.26 <0.001
Race
White Reference category
Black 0.78 0.73 0.83 <0.001
Hispanic 0.72 0.67 0.77 <0.001
Asian 0.73 0.67 0.81 <0.001
Native American 0.65 0.51 0.83 0.001
Others 0.74 0.68 0.81 <0.001
Year of admission
2000 Reference category
2001 0.73 0.52 1.02 0.06
2002 1.45 1.09 1.94 0.01
2003 1.84 1.39 2.43 <0.001
2004 3.65 2.84 4.69 <0.001
2005 3.36 2.61 4.33 <0.001
2006 3.80 2.96 4.88 <0.001
2007 4.57 3.58 5.84 <0.001
2008 6.54 5.17 8.27 <0.001
2009 17.76 14.19 22.24 <0.001
2010 19.10 15.26 23.92 <0.001
2011 27.29 21.84 34.10 <0.001
2012 22.86 18.28 28.57 <0.001
2013 30.70 24.58 38.35 <0.001
2014 31.88 25.52 39.81 <0.001
Weekend admission 1.01 0.98 1.05 0.44
Primary payer
Medicare Reference category
Medicaid 0.98 0.90 1.06 0.57
Private 0.88 0.83 0.92 <0.001
Uninsured 1.07 0.98 1.17 0.15
No charge 1.02 0.75 1.39 0.90
Others 1.13 1.01 1.27 0.03
Quartile of median household income for zip code
0–25th Reference category
26th–50th 1.09 1.04 1.14 <0.001
51st–75th 1.16 1.11 1.22 <0.001
75th–100th 1.13 1.07 1.19 <0.001
Hospital teaching status and location
Rural Reference category
Urban nonteaching 0.81 0.75 0.86 <0.001
Urban teaching 1.05 0.98 1.12 0.18
Hospital bed size
Small Reference category
Medium 1.12 1.05 1.19 0.001
Large 1.30 1.22 1.38 <0.001
Hospital region
Northeast Reference category
Midwest 1.29 1.22 1.35 <0.001
South 0.90 0.86 0.95 <0.001
West 1.34 1.27 1.41 <0.001
Charlson comorbidity index
0–3 Reference category
4–6 1.18 1.10 1.26 <0.001
≥7 1.35 1.25 1.46 <0.001
Acute organ dysfunction
Respiratory 1.26 1.21 1.31 <0.001
Renal 1.29 1.25 1.34 <0.001
Hepatic 1.31 1.25 1.38 <0.001
Hematological 0.77 0.74 0.81 <0.001
Metabolic 1.19 1.15 1.24 <0.001
Neurological 2.17 2.09 2.26 <0.001
Cardiac arrest 1.08 1.03 1.12 0.001
Coronary angiography 0.48 0.45 0.50 <0.001
Percutaneous coronary intervention 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.01
Right heart catheterization 1.14 1.08 1.21 <0.001
Mechanical circulatory support 0.91 0.87 0.95 <0.001
Invasive mechanical ventilation 1.13 1.09 1.18 <0.001
Hemodialysis 1.04 0.96 1.11 0.34

AMI indicates acute myocardial infarction; CS, cardiogenic shock; PCS, palliative care services.