Table 4.
Predictors of PCS Use in AMI‐CS
Total cohort (N=444 253) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||
Age groups, y | ||||
19–49 | Reference category | |||
50–59 | 1.17 | 1.05 | 1.29 | 0.003 |
60–69 | 1.47 | 1.32 | 1.63 | <0.001 |
70–79 | 1.84 | 1.64 | 2.05 | <0.001 |
≥80 | 3.41 | 3.04 | 3.81 | <0.001 |
Female sex | 1.22 | 1.18 | 1.26 | <0.001 |
Race | ||||
White | Reference category | |||
Black | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.83 | <0.001 |
Hispanic | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.77 | <0.001 |
Asian | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.81 | <0.001 |
Native American | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.83 | 0.001 |
Others | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.81 | <0.001 |
Year of admission | ||||
2000 | Reference category | |||
2001 | 0.73 | 0.52 | 1.02 | 0.06 |
2002 | 1.45 | 1.09 | 1.94 | 0.01 |
2003 | 1.84 | 1.39 | 2.43 | <0.001 |
2004 | 3.65 | 2.84 | 4.69 | <0.001 |
2005 | 3.36 | 2.61 | 4.33 | <0.001 |
2006 | 3.80 | 2.96 | 4.88 | <0.001 |
2007 | 4.57 | 3.58 | 5.84 | <0.001 |
2008 | 6.54 | 5.17 | 8.27 | <0.001 |
2009 | 17.76 | 14.19 | 22.24 | <0.001 |
2010 | 19.10 | 15.26 | 23.92 | <0.001 |
2011 | 27.29 | 21.84 | 34.10 | <0.001 |
2012 | 22.86 | 18.28 | 28.57 | <0.001 |
2013 | 30.70 | 24.58 | 38.35 | <0.001 |
2014 | 31.88 | 25.52 | 39.81 | <0.001 |
Weekend admission | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.05 | 0.44 |
Primary payer | ||||
Medicare | Reference category | |||
Medicaid | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.06 | 0.57 |
Private | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.92 | <0.001 |
Uninsured | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 0.15 |
No charge | 1.02 | 0.75 | 1.39 | 0.90 |
Others | 1.13 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.03 |
Quartile of median household income for zip code | ||||
0–25th | Reference category | |||
26th–50th | 1.09 | 1.04 | 1.14 | <0.001 |
51st–75th | 1.16 | 1.11 | 1.22 | <0.001 |
75th–100th | 1.13 | 1.07 | 1.19 | <0.001 |
Hospital teaching status and location | ||||
Rural | Reference category | |||
Urban nonteaching | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.86 | <0.001 |
Urban teaching | 1.05 | 0.98 | 1.12 | 0.18 |
Hospital bed size | ||||
Small | Reference category | |||
Medium | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.19 | 0.001 |
Large | 1.30 | 1.22 | 1.38 | <0.001 |
Hospital region | ||||
Northeast | Reference category | |||
Midwest | 1.29 | 1.22 | 1.35 | <0.001 |
South | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
West | 1.34 | 1.27 | 1.41 | <0.001 |
Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
0–3 | Reference category | |||
4–6 | 1.18 | 1.10 | 1.26 | <0.001 |
≥7 | 1.35 | 1.25 | 1.46 | <0.001 |
Acute organ dysfunction | ||||
Respiratory | 1.26 | 1.21 | 1.31 | <0.001 |
Renal | 1.29 | 1.25 | 1.34 | <0.001 |
Hepatic | 1.31 | 1.25 | 1.38 | <0.001 |
Hematological | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.81 | <0.001 |
Metabolic | 1.19 | 1.15 | 1.24 | <0.001 |
Neurological | 2.17 | 2.09 | 2.26 | <0.001 |
Cardiac arrest | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 0.001 |
Coronary angiography | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.50 | <0.001 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.01 |
Right heart catheterization | 1.14 | 1.08 | 1.21 | <0.001 |
Mechanical circulatory support | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.18 | <0.001 |
Hemodialysis | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.11 | 0.34 |
AMI indicates acute myocardial infarction; CS, cardiogenic shock; PCS, palliative care services.