Table 2.
Prevalence of the 14 chronic health conditions and the 49 chronic diseases and their association with clinical characteristics (values depict those without comorbidity vs those with comorbidity).
| Chronic health condition | Prevalence (%) | Comorbidity | Prevalence (%) | ASD severity (CARS) | Adaptive functioning (VABS-II) | ADL | Polypharmacy | DBI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SS communication | SS daily life | SS social skills | Low category (0–2) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 13.56 | Hypertension | 13.56 | 39.6 ± 6.3 vs 35.9 ± 7 | 23.1 ± 7.7 vs 23.5 ± 5.5 | 20.8 ± 3.3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.9 ± 6.3 vs 22.9 ± 2 | 19.6% vs 0% | 54.9% vs 75% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.9 ± 0.8 |
| Eye disease | 17.46 | Glaucoma | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Blindness and low vision | 17.46 | 39 ± 6.8 vs 38.5 ± 6 | 23.1 ± 7.7 vs 23 ± 4.7 | 20.8 ± 3.3 vs 20 ± 0 | 24 ± 6.2 vs 21.6 ± 0.5 | 15.4% vs 18.2% | 61.5% vs 45.5% | 2.1 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 15.87 | Coronary heart disease | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Heart failure | 7.94 | 38.9 ± 6.7 vs 38.6 ± 6 | 23.2 ± 7.5 vs 21.8 ± 0.5 | 20.8 ± 3.3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.9 vs 22.6 ± 1.3 | 15.5% vs 20% | 60.3% vs 40% | 2.1 ± 1.1 vs 1.6 ± 0.8 | ||
| Orthostatic hypotension | 17.86 | 37.9 ± 6.2 vs 38.2 ± 8.3 | 22.8 ± 4.4 vs 21.8 ± 0.5 | 21.9 ± 4.7 vs 20 ± 0 | 26.9 ± 8.4 vs 21.8 ± 0.5 | 4.3% vs 0% | 39.1% vs 100%* | 1.7 ± 1 vs 2.2 ± 1 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4.76 | 39.3 ± 6.6 vs 31.7 ± 1.5 | 23.1 ± 7.4 vs 22 ± 0 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 22 ± 0 | 16.7% vs 0% | 58.3% vs 66.7% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.3 ± 0.8 | ||
| Endocrine disorder | 26.98 | Diabetes | 3.17 | 39.1 ± 6.7 vs 34.3 ± 3.2 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 22 ± 0 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 20 ± 0 | 16.4% vs 0% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.7 |
| Thyroid disorders | 11.11 | 39 ± 6.9 vs 38.7 ± 4.5 | 23 ± 7.4 vs 23.7 ± 5.9 | 20.8 ± 3.1 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.9 ± 6 vs 21.6 ± 0.5 | 16.1% vs 14.3%* | 55.4% vs 85.7% | 2 ± 1 vs 2.5 ± 1.6 | ||
| Obesity | 4.76 | 39.1 ± 6.6 vs 35.8 ± 8.5 | 22.7 ± 7 vs 30.3 ± 8.3 | 20.5 ± 2.6 vs 24.3 ± 7.5* | 23.4 ± 5.2 vs 29 ± 13 | 16.7% vs 0% | 58.3% vs 66.7% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.5 ± 0.7 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 12.7 | 39.3 ± 6.6 vs 36.4 ± 6.6 | 23 ± 7.6 vs 23.3 ± 4* | 20.6 ± 2.7 vs 21.6 ± 4.6 | 23.6 ± 5.7 vs 25 ± 5.7 | 16.4% vs 12.5%* | 58.2% vs 62.5% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.3 ± 1 | ||
| Other endocrine disease | 3.17 | 38.9 ± 6.6 vs 40 ± 8.5 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 21 ± 0 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.6 ± 5.7 vs 25 ± 5.7 | 14.8% vs 50% | 59% vs 50% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.9 ± 0.2 | ||
| Joint disease | 15.87 | Rheumatoid arthritis. Other inflammatory polyarthropathies and systematic connective tissue disorders | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Arthrosis | 1.59 | 39 ± 6.6 vs 32.5 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 22 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 | 23.7 ± 5.7 vs 22 | 16.1% vs 0% | 59.7% vs 0% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 | ||
| Osteoporosis with fracture | 3.17 | 38.8 ± 6.5 vs 43.3 ± 11.7 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 21 ± 1.4 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 21 ± 1.4 | 14.8% vs 50% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1 vs 2.9 ± 1.7 | ||
| Other chronic joint disease | 11.11 | 39.1 ± 6.3 vs 37.5 ± 9.2 | 23.3 ± 7.6 vs 21.4 ± 0.5 | 20.8 ± 3.1 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.9 ± 6 vs 21.4 ± 0.5 | 16.1% vs 14.3% | 57.1% vs 71.4% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1 | ||
| Lung disease | 7.94 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3.17 | 38.9 ± 6.6 vs 39.5 ± 9.9 | 22.9 ± 7.1 vs 29.5 ± 10.6 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 22 ± 0 | 16.4% vs 0% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.6 ± 0.3 |
| Asthma | 4.76 | 38.9 ± 6.7 vs 38.8 ± 6.7 | 23.2 ± 7.4 vs 21 ± 0 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.5 ± 5.8 vs 25.7 ± 4.2 | 16.7% vs 0% | 58.3% vs 66.7% | 2 ± 1 vs 2.2 ± 1.5 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Gastrointestinal disease | 55.56 | Inflammatory bowel disease | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Diverticular disease of intestine | 1.59 | 39.1 ± 6.6 vs 30 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 22 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 | 23.7 ± 5.7 vs 22 | 16.1% vs 0% | 58.1% vs 100% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.6 | ||
| Dyspepsia | 11.11 | 39.3 ± 6.4 vs 36.5 ± 7.9 | 23.1 ± 7.7 vs 22.9 ± 3.8 | 20.6 ± 2.7 vs 21.4 ± 4.3 | 23.5 ± 5.4 vs 24.1 ± 7.5 | 14.8% vs 22.2% | 53.7% vs 88.9% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.7 | ||
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Constipation | 53.97 | 38.1 ± 6.7 vs 39.6 ± 6.6 | 23.2 ± 4.7 vs 22.9 ± 8.9 | 21.5 ± 4.2 vs 20 ± 0* | 26 ± 7.7 vs 21.6 ± 0.8** | 13.8% vs 17.6%* | 27.6% vs 85.3%*** | 1.6 ± 0.8 vs 2.3 ± 1.1** | ||
| Mental disease | 39.68 | Depression | 11.11 | 38.8 ± 6.5 vs 39.4 ± 8 | 22.1 ± 2.9 vs 30.7 ± 19.6* | 20.8 ± 3.1 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.6 ± 5.9 vs 23.6 ± 4.4 | 16.1% vs 14.3% | 57.1% vs 71.4% | 2 ± 1 vs 2.1 ± 1.4 |
| Anxiety and other neurotic stress-related and somatoform disorders | 3.17 | 39 ± 6.7 vs 36.5 ± 5 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 21.5 ± 0.7 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 21.5 ± 0.7 | 16.4% vs 0% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1 vs 2.6 ± 1.2 | ||
| Alcohol problems | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Other psychoactive substance misuse | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Schizophrenia. Related non-organic psychosis | 3.17 | 39.2 ± 6.5 vs 30.3 ± 6.7 | 22.3 ± 3.4 vs 47.5 ± 36.1 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 22 ± 0 | 16.4% vs 0% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.6 ± 0.3 | ||
| Hyperactivity | 22.22 | 38.2 ± 6.7 vs 41.4 ± 5.7 | 22.5 ± 3.7 vs 25 ± 13.8 | 20.9 ± 3.3 vs 20 ± 0 | 24 ± 6.3 vs 22.2 ± 2.2 | 10.2% vs 35.7% | 51% vs 85.7%* | 1.9 ± 1 vs 2.4 ± 1.1 | ||
| Anorexia or bulimia | 9.52 | 39.1 ± 6.5 vs 37 ± 7.8 | 23.1 ± 7.5 vs 22.8 ± 3.1 | 20.6 ± 2.8 vs 21.7 ± 4.1 | 23.4 ± 5.1 vs 25.8 ± 10.4 | 15.8% vs 16.7% | 59.6% vs 50% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.9 ± 0.5 | ||
| Stroke | 3.17 | Stroke and transient ischemic attack | 3.17 | 38.9 ± 6.7 vs 38.5 ± 2.8 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 22 ± 0 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 22 ± 0 | 16.4% vs 0% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.6 |
| Cancer | 3.17 | Cancer in last 5 years | 3.17 | 38.9 ± 6.7 vs 38.3 ± 4.6 | 22.3 ± 3.4 vs 47.5 ± 36.1 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 22 | 16.4% vs 0% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.1 ± 0.4 |
| Kidney disease | 25.39 | Chronic kidney disease | 25.39 | 40.6 ± 6.4 vs 35.2 ± 6.9** | 22.1 ± 3.1 vs 26.7 ± 13.2** | 20.8 ± 3.3 vs 20.8 ± 3.3 | 24 ± 6.3 vs 23.3 ± 5.5 | 22.2% vs 6.3% | 58.3% vs 68.8% | 2 ± 1.2 vs 2.1 ± 0.8 |
| Neurological disease | 36.51 | Parkinson’s disease | 7.94 | 39.1 ± 6.7 vs 36.6 ± 5.2 | 23.2 ± 7.5 vs 21.6 ± 0.6 | 20.7 ± 3.1 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.9 vs 22.4 ± 1.5 | 17.2% vs 0% | 58.6% vs 60% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.4 ± 1 |
| Epilepsy | 28.57 | 37.2 ± 6.3 vs 43.3 ± 5.3*** | 23.4 ± 8.2 vs 22.2 ± 4 | 20.6 ± 2.4 vs 20.9 ± 4 | 24 ± 5.9 vs 22.7 ± 5.2 | 11.1% vs 27.8% | 57.8% vs 61.1% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.1 ± 0.9 | ||
| Dementia | 3.17 | 39.2 ± 6.4 vs 30 ± 7.1 | 22.3 ± 3.4 vs 47.5 ± 36.1 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 22 ± 0 | 16.4% vs 0% | 57.4% vs 100% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.8 | ||
| Migraine | 3.17 | 38.9 ± 6.6 vs 38 ± 8.5 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 21.5 ± 0.7 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 21.5 ± 0.7 | 16.4% vs 0% | 59% vs 50% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.9 ± 0.3 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Liver disease | 7.94 | Viral hepatitis | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chronic liver disease | 7.94 | 39.4 ± 6.1 vs 33.4 ± 10.4* | 22.9 ± 7.3 vs 25.2 ± 5.5 | 20.3 ± 2.3 vs 24.6 ± 6.4** | 3 ± 4.2 vs 31 ± 13.3 | 15.5% vs 20% | 56.9% vs 80% | 2 ± 1 vs 2.5 ± 1.1 | ||
| Immune dysfunction | 23.81 | Allergy | 9.84 | 38.6 ± 6.6 vs 41.1 ± 6.5 | 22.4 ± 3.6 vs 27 ± 17.3 | 20.8 ± 3.2 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.9 ± 6.1 vs 22 ± 1.9 | 16.7% vs 11.1% | 57.4% vs 66.7% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 1.6 ± 1 |
| Psoriasis or eczema | 1.59 | 38.7 ± 6.8 vs 40.9 ± 4.2 | 22 ± 2.8 vs 33.2 ± 20.5** | 20.5 ± 2.2 vs 22.8 ± 6.9 | 23.4 ± 5.4 vs 25.5 ± 8.6 | 14% vs 33.3% | 61.4% vs 33.3% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2 ± 0.5 | ||
| Others | Undernutrition | 4.76 | 38.6 ± 6.7 vs 44.3 ± 1.8 | 23.2 ± 7.4 vs 21.3 ± 0.6 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 21.3 ± 0.6 | 16.7% vs 0% | 56.7% vs 100% | 2.1 ± 1 vs 0.9 ± 0.8* | |
| Hearing loss | 9.52 | 39 ± 6.6 vs 33 | 23.1 ± 7.3 vs 22 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 | 23.7 ± 5.7 vs 22 | 16.1% vs 0% | 58.1% vs 100% | 2 ± 1 vs 3.2 | ||
| Chronic anemia | 17.54 | 38.4 ± 6.9 vs 42.1 ± 5.44 | 23.7 ± 8.3 vs 21.2 ± 0.6* | 20.9 ± 3.4 vs 20 ± 0 | 24 ± 6.3 vs 21.6 ± 1.4 | 19.1% vs 10% | 57.4% vs 90% | 2 ± 1 vs 2.1 ± 1.3 | ||
| Painful condition | 4.76 | 38.9 ± 5.8 vs 43.6 ± 8.8 | 23.3 ± 7.7 vs 21.3 ± 0.8 | 20.8 ± 3.1 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.9 ± 6 vs 21.3 ± 0.8 | 14.5% vs 33.3% | 56.4% vs 66.7% | 1.9 ± 1.1 vs 2.7 ± 0.9 | ||
| Prostate disorders | 14.29 | 38.8 ± 6.7 vs 40.5 ± 4.6 | 23.2 ± 7.4 vs 21.3 ± 0.6 | 20.7 ± 3 vs 20 ± 0 | 23.7 ± 5.8 vs 21.3 ± 0.6 | 16.7% vs 0% | 58.3% vs 66.7% | 2 ± 1.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.9 | ||
Among 49 chronic diseases, 44 are placed into 14 chronic health conditions detailed in the first column. Prevalence is expressed as a percentage.
The results for continuous variables for the group without comorbidities versus that with are expressed as the means ± standard error.
The results for dichotomous variables for the group without comorbidities versus that with are expressed as percentages. For polypharmacy, results are expressed in percentage for the group without versus with the comorbidity. For example, 54.9% of patient without hypertension have polypharmacy, whereas 75% of patients with hypertension have polypharmacy. For ADL category, results are expressed in percentage of patients without versus with the comorbidity only for the “low autonomy” category (ADL score between 0 and 2). For example, 19.6% of patients without hypertension have a low score at ADL, whereas 0% of patients with hypertension have a low score at ADL.
ANOVA, χ2, Student–Fisher, or Mann–Whitney tests were applied, depending on the nature of the variables (continuous, dichotomous, or categorized in three levels). p values are expressed as ranges. No symbol: nonsignificant (p value > 0.05), *0.05 ≤ p < 0.01, **0.01 ≤ p < 0.001, ***p ≤ 0.001.
ADL, activities of daily living; CARS, Childhood Autism Rating Scale; DBI, Drug Burden Index; SS, sub-scores at the VABS-II; VABS-II, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II.