Table 2.

Possible Contributing Factors to Hangover

Direct effects of alcohol

Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance Gastrointestinal disturbances Low blood sugar Sleep and biological rhythm disturbances

Alcohol withdrawal

Alcohol metabolism (i.e., acetaldehyde toxicity)

Nonalcohol effects Compounds other than alcohol in beverages, especially methanol Use of other drugs, especially nicotine Personality type Family history for alcoholism