Table 1.
Population characteristics by locality and sex
| Rural-Ghanaians | Urban-Ghanaians | Amsterdam-Ghanaians | Berlin-Ghanaians | London-Ghanaians | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men, n (%) | 405 (19.0) | 415 (19.4) | 609 (28.5) | 297 (13.9) | 410 (19.2) |
| Age, years (CI) | 46.2 (45.0–47.5) | 46.5 (45.4–47.7) | 48.4 (47.7–49.2) | 45.8 (44.5–47.1) | 46.1 (45.0–47.1) |
| Education level, % (CI) | |||||
| None or elementary | 39.0 (34.4–43.8) | 22.2 (18.4–26.3) | 20.5 (17.5–23.9) | 6.1 (3.8–9.2) | 3.9 (2.3–6.1) |
| Lower secondary | 36.0 (31.5–40.8) | 42.4 (37.7–47.2) | 40.6 (36.7–44.5) | 47.8 (42.2–53.5) | 24.9 (20.9–29.2) |
| Higher secondary | 13.3 (10.3–16.9) | 20.5 (16.8–24.6) | 25.1 (21.8–28.7) | 28.3 (23.4–33.6) | 16.8 (13.4–20.7) |
| Tertiary | 5.7 (3.7–8.3) | 9.2 (6.7–12.2) | 8.2 (6.2–10.6) | 17.5 (13.5–22.1) | 41.0 (36.3–45.8) |
| Unknown | 5.9 (3.9–8.5) | 5.8 (3.8–8.3) | 5.6 (4.0–7.6) | 0.3 (0.0–1.6) | 13.4 (10.4–17.0) |
| Duration of stay in Europe, years (CI) | n/a | n/a | 18.7 (18.0–19.4) | 16.8 (15.5–18.2) | 15.1 (14.1–16.1) |
| First generation migrant, % (CI) | n/a | n/a | 98.6 (97.3–99.3) | 99.3 (97.9–99.9) | 98.6 (97.0–99.5) |
| Current smoking, yes, % (CI) | 5.8 (3.8–8.5) | 3.3 (1.9–5.4) | 8.1 (6.1–10.6) | 14.8 (11.1–19.2) | 1.3 (0.5–2.9) |
| Physical activity, % (CI) | |||||
| Low level | 10.8 (7.9–14.2) | 22.4 (18.5–26.7) | 20.6 (16.8–24.8) | 24.2 (19.6–29.3) | 41.4 (36.5–46.5) |
| Moderate level | 16.5 (13.1–20.5) | 18.6 (15.0–22.6) | 14.5 (11.3–18.2) | 20.9 (16.5–25.8) | 18.3 (14.6–22.4) |
| High level | 71.9 (67.3–76.3) | 57.5 (52.6–62.3) | 59.3 (54.4–64.1) | 52.2 (46.5–57.8) | 31.2 (26.6–36.0) |
| Women, n (%) | 638 (18.1) | 1034 (29.3) | 931 (26.4) | 250 (7.1) | 670 (19.0) |
| Age, years (CI) | 46.7 (45.7–47.6) | 44.7 (44.0–45.4) | 45.6 (45.0–46.1) | 44.7 (43.5–45.9) | 47.7 (46.9–48.5) |
| Education level, % (CI) | |||||
| None or elementary | 62.2 (58.4–65.9) | 50.5 (47.4–53.5) | 40.9 (37.7–44.0) | 11.6 (8.1–16.0) | 10.0 (7.9–12.4) |
| Lower secondary | 25.9 (22.6–29.4) | 35.9 (33.0–38.8) | 30.6 (27.7–33.7) | 54.0 (47.8–60.1) | 29.9 (26.5–33.4) |
| Higher secondary | 3.0 (1.9–4.5) | 8.5 (6.9–10.3) | 17.8 (15.5–20.4) | 24.8 (19.8–30.4) | 24.2 (21.1–27.5) |
| Tertiary | 1.9 (1.0–3.2) | 2.7 (1.8–3.8) | 3.8 (2.7–5.1) | 7.6 (4.8–11.4) | 22.1 (19.1–25.3) |
| Unknown | 7.1 (5.3–9.2) | 2.4 (1.6–3.5) | 6.9 (5.4–8.6) | 2.0 (0.8–4.3) | 13.9 (11.4–16.7) |
| Duration of stay in Europe, years (CI) | n/a | n/a | 17.7 (17.2–18.2) | 16.9 (15.7–18.2) | 17.4 (16.5–18.3) |
| First generation migrant, % (CI) | n/a | n/a | 99.5 (98.9–99.8) | 99.6 (98.1–100.0) | 96.9 (95.3–98.1) |
| Current smoking, yes, % (CI) | 0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0–0.5) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | 3.3 (1.5–6.0) | 0.2 (0.0–0.8) |
| Physical activity, % (CI) | |||||
| Low level | 23.2 (20.0–26.8) | 40.4 (37.4–43.4) | 16.5 (13.8–19.5) | 31.3 (25.8–37.3) | 41.6 (37.7–45.5) |
| Moderate level | 23.1 (19.8–26.6) | 15.7 (13.6–18.1) | 21.8 (18.8–25.1) | 18.3 (13.8–23.5) | 23.8 (20.6–27.3) |
| High level | 53.5 (49.5–57.5) | 43.2 (40.2–46.3) | 55.8 (52.0–59.6) | 45.5 (39.4–51.8) | 24.8 (21.5–28.3) |
Notes: Values are means or percentages with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. n, number; n/a, not available; CI, confidence interval.