Table 1.
Overall Characteristics of the Sample at Baseline
| Variables | Overall Sample (n = 712) |
|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |
| Male gender, % | 75.3 |
| Mean age in years (SD) | 46.1 (10.1) |
| Married, % | 33.8 |
| Low educational attainment ( <13 years), % | 43.3 |
| Stable employed, % | 67.3 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |
| White, % | 97 |
| Black, % | 1.4 |
| Hispanic or Latino, % | 1.6 |
| HIV Transmission Risk Factor | |
| IDU, % | 25.8 |
| MSM, % | 33.6 |
| Heterosexual, % | 40.6 |
| Lifestyle Factors | |
| Smoke, % | 51.7 |
| Alcohol abuse, % | 11.2 |
| Physical activity, % | 29.9 |
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | |
| Mean BMI (SD) | 24.2 (4) |
| Mean total cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 192 (51.9) |
| Mean HDL cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 42.7 (13.6) |
| Mean LDL cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 117.6 (38.6) |
| Hypertension, % | 20.4 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL (SD) | 89.6 (21.5) |
| Diabetes, % | 10.4 |
| Mean carotid intima-media thickness in centimeters (SD) | 0.07 (0.04) |
| Carotid atherosclerotic plaques, % | 31 |
| Previous vascular events (overall), % | 2.6 |
| Previous AMI, angina, or PCI, % | 31.6 |
| Previous stroke or TIA, % | 36.8 |
| Previous cardiac syncope, % | 10.6 |
| Previous intestinal infarction or renal infarction, % | 21 |
| Positive CVD family historya, % | 44 |
| FRS 10-year general CVD risk, mean % of risk (SD) | 7.7 (8.1) |
| FRS% of risk >20, % | 11.3 |
| FRS% of risk 20–10, % | 21.2 |
| FRS% of risk <10, % | 67.5 |
| HIV-Related Variables | |
| AIDS diagnosis, % | 32.4 |
| Nadir LyCD4, cell/mm3 (SD) | 244 (189) |
| Baseline LyCD4, cell/mm3 (SD) | 639.8 (360.3) |
| Baseline LyCD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3, % | 9.3% |
| Baseline HIV-RNA copies/mL (SD) | 13 381.1 (77 065.3) |
| HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL, % | 77.9 |
| Mean duration of HIV infection in years (SD) | 13.1 (8.1) |
| Treated with HAART, % | 91.4 |
| Mean duration of HAART in months (SD) | 103.2 (84.5) |
| Lipodystrophy, % | 25.8 |
| Suboptimal adherence to HAART, % | 7.5 |
| Other Treatment | |
| Antihypertensive medication | 18.3 |
| Antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication | 5.8 |
| Psychiatric medication | 16 |
| Comorbidities | |
| HCV coinfection, % | 25.2 |
| Neoplastic disease, % | 10.7 |
| Psychological Factors | |
| Depressive symptoms, % | 22 |
| Depressive symptom (BDI-II) score (SD) | 11 (10.3) |
| Alexithymia, % | 36.0 |
| Alexithymia (TAS-20) score (SD) | 45.9 (13.2) |
| Distress personality (Type D), %a | 39 |
Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Alexithymia, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) >50; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FRS, Framingham risk score; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, injection drug user; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LyCD4, CD4 lymphocyte; MSM, men who have sex with men; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RNA, ribonucleic acid; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack;
aMissing values ≥10%.