Table 2.
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses Evaluating the Potential Predictors of Each Recorded Outcome
| Variables | Carotid Plaques at Baseline | P a | OR (95% CI) | P b | Vascular Events | P a | HR (95% CI) | P c | Overall Mortality | P a | HR (95% CI) | P c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 175) | (n = 54) | (n = 41) | ||||||||||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Male gender | 80.5% | .3 | 1.84 (.99–3.42) | .05 | 90.7% | .006 | 2.31 (.85–6.24) | .09 | 87.8% | .06 | -- | -- |
| Mean age in years (SD)d | 51.8 (9.5) | <.001 | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | <.001 | 53.8 (9.9) | <.001 | 1.07 (1.02–1.1) | .002 | 49.1 (10.6) | .04 | 1.05 (1–1.08) | .023 |
| Married | 41.6% | .08 | -- | -- | 44% | .1 | -- | -- | 51.1% | .015 | -- | -- |
| Low educational attainment (<13 years) | 50.4% | .006 | -- | -- | 44.9% | .8 | -- | -- | 61.5 | .017 | -- | -- |
| Stable employed | 58.8% | .004 | 0.83 (.47–1.84) | .5 | 50.9% | .027 | -- | -- | 43.2% | .005 | -- | -- |
| Race/Ethnicity | .412 | -- | -- | .9 | -- | -- | .739 | -- | -- | |||
| White | 32.1% | 96.3% | 95% | |||||||||
| Black | 12.5% | 1.85% | 2.5% | |||||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 22.2% | 1.85% | 2.5% | |||||||||
| HIV transmission risk factor | .038 | 1.19 (0.85–1.66) | .3 | .031 | .92 (.63–1.33) | .6 | .061 | -- | -- | |||
| IDU | 26.6% | 37.74% | 39% | |||||||||
| MSM | 28.4% | 18.86% | 19.5% | |||||||||
| Heterosexual | 45% | 43.4% | 41.5% | |||||||||
| Lifestyle Factors | ||||||||||||
| Smoke | 58.1% | .008 | 1.64 (0.97–2.77) | .06 | 69.8% | .001 | 2.02 (1.01–4.04) | .044 | 70.7% | .03 | -- | -- |
| Alcohol abuse | 8.8% | .3 | -- | -- | 15.7% | .2 | -- | -- | 40.5% | <.001 | 2.52 (1.09–5.81) | .03 |
| Physical activity | 25.9% | .2 | -- | -- | 24.5% | .3 | -- | -- | 14.6% | .028 | -- | -- |
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | ||||||||||||
| Mean BMI (SD)e | 24.1 (3.9) | .6 | -- | -- | 25.4 (4.5) | .02 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | .6 | 25.6 (4.7) | .03 | -- | -- |
| Mean total cholesterol, mg/dL (SD)f | 199 (55.5) | .03 | 1.05 (1–1.01) | .042 | 195.6 (54.4) | .5 | -- | -- | 165 (52.5) | .001 | -- | -- |
| Mean HDL, mg/dL (SD)e | 41.3 (13.6) | .13 | -- | -- | 40.4 (11.7) | .046 | -- | -- | 32.5 (13.2) | <.001 | -- | -- |
| Mean LDL, mg/dL (SD) | 125.2 (46.9) | .004 | -- | -- | 118.2 (43.4) | .9 | -- | -- | 103.04 (33.5) | .06 | -- | -- |
| Hypertension, % | 32% | <.001 | 1.75 (1–3.06) | .045 | 51.8% | <.001 | 2.23 (1.15–4.32) | .017 | 29.3% | .2 | -- | -- |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL (SD) | 95.7 (20.1) | .0007 | -- | -- | 99.4 (28.1) | .0009 | -- | -- | 103.8 (24.9) | .0001 | -- | -- |
| Diabetes | 16.4% | .003 | 1.04 (.48-2.26) | .9 | 25% | <.001 | 0.77 (0.35–1.68) | .4 | 34.2% | <.001 | 1.84 (.88–3.82) | .09 |
| Mean carotid intima-media thickness in centimeters (SD) | 0.10 (0.06) | <.001 | -- | -- | 0.08 (0.07) | .2 | -- | -- | 0.06 (0.02) | .11 | -- | -- |
| Previous vascular event | 4.57% | .23 | -- | -- | 0% | .2 | 4.8% | .35 | ||||
| Positive CVD family history | 48% | .29 | -- | -- | 10% | .9 | -- | -- | 36.4% | .28 | -- | -- |
| FRS 10-year general CVD, mean% of risk (SD)e | 12.3 (9.3) | <.001 | -- | -- | 16.1 (10.7) | <.001 | 1.01 (.98–1.) | .3 | 12.8 (10.1) | .005 | ||
| HIV-Related Variables | ||||||||||||
| AIDS diagnosis | 41.4% | .002 | 1.38 (0.83–2.29) | .2 | 49.1% | .002 | 1.31 (0.73–2.33) | .3 | 60% | <.001 | 1.96 (.98–3.93) | .05 |
| Nadir LyCD4, cell/mm3 (SD) | 208 (192) | .006 | -- | -- | 227.5 (201.7) | .5 | -- | -- | 183 (146) | .05 | -- | -- |
| Baseline LyCD4, cell/mm3 (SD) | 599.7 (331.9) | .95 | -- | -- | 600.1 (325.2) | .4 | -- | -- | 384.9 (245.6) | <.001 | -- | -- |
| Baseline LyCD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3 | 11.6% | .5 | -- | -- | 12% | .5 | -- | -- | 22.2% | .006 | ||
| Baseline HIV-RNA copies/mL (SD) | 13 601.4 (83 453.8) | .72 | -- | -- | 11 817 (40 281) | .8 | -- | -- | 9619.1 (34 667.3) | .78 | -- | -- |
| HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL | 77% | .93 | -- | -- | 6.6% | .1 | -- | -- | 66.6% | .12 | -- | -- |
| Duration of HIV infection in years (SD)d | 15.8 (7.2) | <.001 | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | .003 | 14.4 (7.7) | .2 | -- | -- | 13.6 (7.5) | .07 | -- | -- |
| Treated with HAART | 94.3% | .02 | -- | -- | 90.6% | .8 | -- | -- | 83.7% | .06 | -- | -- |
| Mean duration of HAART in months (SD) | 121 (82.3) | <.001 | ||||||||||
| Lipodystrophy | 40.1% | <.001 | -- | -- | 35.1% | .1 | -- | -- | 53.5% | <.001 | ||
| Suboptimal adherence to HAART | 10.6% | 0.3 | -- | -- | 10.2% | .4 | -- | -- | 31.4% | <.001 | 2.62 (1.14–6) | .022 |
| Other Treatment | ||||||||||||
| Antihypertensive | 47.5% | <.001 | -- | -- | 40.7% | <.001 | -- | -- | 29.3% | .06 | -- | -- |
| Antiplatelet/anticoagulant | 87% | <.001 | -- | -- | 38% | <.001 | -- | -- | 4.8% | .8 | -- | -- |
| Psychiatric medication | 38.5% | .1 | -- | -- | 26.5% | .027 | -- | -- | 31.8% | .004 | -- | -- |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| HCV coinfection | 28% | .2 | -- | -- | 27.8% | .6 | -- | -- | 43.9% | .005 | -- | -- |
| Cancer | 12.6% | .4 | -- | -- | 15.7% | .2 | -- | -- | 48.8% | <.001 | -- | -- |
| Psychological Factors | ||||||||||||
| Depressive symptoms | 27.7% | .017 | .84 (0.46–1.55) | .5 | 44.2% | <.001 | 1.37 (0.72–2.58) | .3 | 40.5% | .005 | 0.62 (0.28–1.4) | .2 |
| Alexithymia | 61.4% | <.001 | 4.93 (2.9–8.5) | <.001 | 74.5% | <.001 | 3.66 (1.8–7.44) | <.001 | 77.8% | <.001 | 3.93 (1.64–9) | .002 |
| Distress personality (Type D)g | 33.6% | .6 | -- | -- | 42.5% | .6 | -- | -- | 34.3% | .5 | -- | -- |
Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazards ratio; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Alexithymia, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) >50; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FRS, Framingham risk score; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HCV, high-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, injection drug user; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LyCD4, CD4 lymphocyte; MSM, men who have sex with men; RNA, ribonucleic acid; SD, standard deviation.
aχ 2 test for categorical variables; t test and Kruskal-Wallis test for normally distributed and nonnormally distributed continuous variables, respectively. In univariate analyses, all P values refer to the comparison between the subjects with and those without the selected outcome: eg, those with versus those without a baseline diagnosis of carotid plaques.
bLogistic regression analysis including 450 observations (see text for covariates selection); Wald χ 2 = 96.8; Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit P = .62; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.84.
cCox proportional hazard analyses including 586 observations (vascular events) and 610 observations (overall mortality), respectively; see text for covariates selection.
NOTE: In all multivariate analyses: d = 1-year increase; e = 1-unit increase; f = 10-mg/dL increase; g = Missing values ≥10%.