Table 1 –
Participantś Sociodemographic, Clinical, Psychosocial, and Behavioral Characteristics
| Controls | Cases | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| w/o TMD | pain-free TMD | painful TMD | ||
| n=91 | n=114 | n=500 | Significance† | |
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | P-value | |||
| Demography | ||||
| Age [years] | 35.8 (12.7) | 39.3 (13.1) | 36.4 (13.1) | .076 |
| Gender [female] | 57 (62.6) | 88 (77.2) | 434 (86.8) | <.001 |
| Education | .954 | |||
| No college | 15 (16.5) | 17 (14.9) | 78 (15.6) | |
| ≥1 year of college | 76 (83.5) | 97 (85.1) | 421 (84.4) | |
| Household income per year | .008 | |||
| Less than $50,000 | 63 (70.0) | 68 (60.2) | 268 (54.4) | |
| $50,000 – $79,999 | 19 (21.1) | 25 (22.1) | 121 (24.5) | |
| $80,000 or more | 8 (8.9) | 20 (17.7) | 104 (21.1) | |
| TMD diagnoses | n/a | |||
| Myofascial pain w/o limited opening | n/a | n/a | 210 (42.0) | |
| Myofascial pain with limited opening | n/a | n/a | 285 (57.0) | |
| Disc displacement with reduction | n/a | 82 (71.9) | 280 (56.0) | |
| Disc displacement w/o reduction with limited opening | n/a | 2 (1.8) | 66 (13.2) | |
| Disc displacement w/o reduction w/o limited opening | n/a | 31 (27.2) | 162 (32.4) | |
| Arthralgia | n/a | n/a | 302 (60.4) | |
| Osteoarthritis | n/a | n/a | 169 (33.8) | |
| Osteoarthrosis | n/a | 39 (34.2) | 54 (10.8) | |
| Nonspecific physical symptoms (somatization) | <.001 | |||
| Low | 83 (92.2) | 100 (87.7) | 238 (47.8) | |
| Moderate | 6 (6.7) | 12 (10.5) | 167 (33.5) | |
| Severe | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.8) | 93 (18.7) | |
| Depression and vegetative symptoms | <.001 | |||
| Low | 73 (81.1) | 95 (84.1) | 300 (60.2) | |
| Moderate | 13 (14.4) | 15 (13.3) | 134 (26.9) | |
| Severe | 4 (4.4) | 3 (2.7) | 64 (12.9) | |
| Graded chronic pain | n/a | |||
| Grade 1 (low disability – low intensity pain) | n/a | n/a | 208 (42.4) | |
| Grade 2 (low disability – high intensity pain) | n/a | n/a | 221 (45.0) | |
| Grade 3 (high disability – moderately limiting) | n/a | n/a | 36 (7.3) | |
| Grade 4 (high disability – severely limiting) | n/a | n/a | 26 (5.3) | |
| Oral behaviors | ||||
| OBC sum score | 15.3 (6.3) | 17.5 (7.4) | 25.8 (8.9) | <.001 |
| Perceived stress | ||||
| PSS–10 sum score | 10.6 (5.6) | 10.4 (5.7) | 13.6 (7.0) | <.001 |
| Explanatory model scale | ||||
| Physical factors | n/a | n/a | 1.4 (1.4) | n/a |
| Behavioral factors | n/a | n/a | 2.8 (1.2) | n/a |
| Stress or emotional upset | n/a | n/a | 1.9 (1.3) | n/a |
w/o – without, n/a – not applicable,
†
ANOVA for age, OBC summary score, PSS-10 summary score; Kruskal-Wallis rank test for annual income, nonspecific physical symptoms, depression and vegetative symptoms; Chi-squared test for gender, level of education