Table 1.

Evidence-based psychosocial treatments of conduct problems in children and adolescents: selected study characteristics.

Type	Intervention	Study authors	Design and sample	Age and gender	Outcome measures and main findings	Follow-up time
Child-focused programs	Problem-Solving Skills Training (PSST)	Kazdin et al., 1989	112 children randomly assigned	7-13 yrs; male and female	Significantly greater reductions in antisocial behavior and overall behavior problems, and greater increases in prosocial behavior than control group	1-year
	Coping Power Program (CPP)	Lochman & Wells, 2002	245 children randomly assigned	Boys and girls during the 5th- and 6th-grade years	Reductions in children’s aggressive behavior and school behavior problems	1-year
Parents-focused programs	Parent Management Training (PMT)	Forgatch, Patterson, DeGarmo & Beldavs, 2009	at-risk sample of 238 single mothers and their sons	Mothers and elementary school-aged boys	Significantly reductions in teacher-reported delinquency and police arrests for focal boys	9-years
	Helping the Non-Compliant Child Program (NCCP)	Wells & Egan, 1988	Twenty-four children with a diagnosed oppositional disorder randomly assigned	Boys and girls from 3 to 8 years	Significant improvements were observed in the behaviours of the children receiving NCCP in comparison to control group	2-months
	Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)	Nixon, Sweeney, Erickson & Touyz, 2003	Families of 54 behaviorally disturbed preschool-aged children randomly assigned	Boys and girls from 3 to 5 years	Significant differences in parent-reported externalizing behavior in children, and parental stress and discipline practices with the control group	6-months
	Triple P -Positive Parenting Program	Sanders, Markie-Dadds, Tully & Bor, 2000	Families of preschoolers at high risk of developing conduct problems randomly assigned	305 families with a 3-year-old child	Lower levels of parent-reported disruptive child behavior, lower levels of dysfunctional parenting, greater parental competence	1-year
Family-focused programs	Functional Family Therapy (FFT)	Sexton & Turner, 2010	Youth who are at risk for or are involved in delinquency and or disruptive behavior disorder and their families	917 families with juveniles from 13 to 17 years	Significant reduction in Serious crimes	12 months
	Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT)	Santisteban et al., 2003	Hispanic adolescents with parental or school complaints of externalizing behavior problems and their families	126 families with juveniles from 12 to 18 years	Significantly greater pre- to post-intervention improvement in parent reports of adolescent conduct problems and delinquency	NA
Multimodal and multi-component programs	Incredible Years (IY)	Jones et al., 2007	133 families that had been previously randomized with children wuth conduct disorder	Families with children aged 3-5 years	Reduction of CD symptoms, both in the short term and longer term	3-years
	Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study (MLES)	Boisjoli, Vitaro, Lacourse, Barker & Tremblay, 2007	Disruptive–aggressive boys considered to be at risk of later criminality and low school achievement (n = 250), identified from a community sample (n = 895), and randomly allocated	Boys aged 7-9 years	Significantly more boys in the intervention group completed high-school graduation and generally fewer had a criminal record compared with those allocated to the control group	15-years
	Multi-systemic Therapy (MST)	Timmons-Mitchell, Bender, Kishna & Mitchell, 2006	93 youth with conduct problems randomly assigned	Juveniles aged 13-15 years	Significant reduction in rearrest and improvement in 4 areas of functioning	18-months
	Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC)	Chamberlain, Leve & DeGarmo, 2007	Girls with serious and chronic delinquency	103 13–17 years old girls	Older girls exhibited less delinquency over time relative to younger girls in both conditions	2-years