TABLE 2. Characteristics of persons reporting current prescription opioid use — Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance (MILES) Program, 2014–2015.
| Factor | No. (%) of prescription opioid users |
|
|---|---|---|
| SLE patients (n = 143) | Nonpatients (n = 15) | |
|
Opioid use ≥1 year
| ||
| Yes |
97 (67.8) |
12 (80.0) |
| No |
46 (32.2) |
3 (20.0) |
|
Age group (yrs)
| ||
| 18–44 |
36 (25.2) |
1 (6.7) |
| 45–64 |
82 (57.3) |
10 (66.7) |
| ≥65 |
25 (17.5) |
4 (26.7) |
|
Sex
| ||
| Female |
135 (94.4) |
12 (80.0) |
| Male |
8 (5.6) |
3 (20.0) |
|
Race
| ||
| White |
59 (41.3) |
6 (40.0) |
| Black |
76 (53.2) |
8 (53.3) |
| Other/unknown |
8 (5.6) |
1 (6.7) |
|
Income
| ||
| Income <U.S. median |
96 (67.1) |
13 (86.7) |
| Income ≥U.S. median |
37 (25.9) |
2 (13.3) |
|
Education
| ||
| Less than high school |
22 (15.4) |
3 (20.0) |
| High school diploma/GED |
17 (11.9) |
5 (33.3) |
| Some college/Associate degree |
76 (53.2) |
4 (26.7) |
| Bachelor’s degree |
14 (9.8) |
3 (20.0) |
| Graduate/Professional degree |
14 (9.8) |
0 (0.0) |
|
Employment
| ||
| Unemployed |
81 (56.6) |
9 (60.0) |
| Employed and/or in school |
62 (43.4) |
6 (40.0) |
|
Insurance
| ||
| Private/Other |
37 (25.9) |
3 (20.0) |
| Medicaid/Medicare |
105 (73.4) |
12 (80.0) |
| None |
1 (0.7) |
0 (0.0) |
|
Patient-reported outcomes
| ||
|
Emergency department use
| ||
| Yes (in last 12 months) |
96 (67.1) |
9 (60.0) |
| No |
45 (31.5) |
6 (40.0) |
|
Fibromyalgia
| ||
| Yes |
89 (62.2) |
10 (66.7) |
| No |
54 (37.8) |
5 (33.3) |
|
Pain score*,†
| ||
| <70 |
60 (42.0) |
6 (40.0) |
| ≥70 |
83 (58.0) |
9 (60.0) |
|
Physical function score*,†
| ||
| <70 |
73 (51.1) |
12 (80.0) |
| ≥70 |
70 (49.0) |
3 (20.0) |
|
Depression score†,§
| ||
| <56.2 |
74 (51.8) |
8 (53.3) |
| ≥56.2 |
67 (46.9) |
7 (46.7) |
|
Anxiety score†,§
| ||
| <62.3 |
99 (69.2) |
13 (86.7) |
| ≥62.3 |
42 (29.4) |
2 (13.3) |
|
SLE-specific measures
| ||
|
SLE duration
| ||
| <15 yrs |
29 (20.3) |
NA |
| ≥15 yrs |
113 (79.0) |
NA |
|
SLE activity score†
| ||
| SLAQ <12 |
37 (25.9) |
NA |
| SLAQ ≥12 |
106 (74.1) |
NA |
|
SLE damage score†
| ||
| LDIQ <5 |
41 (28.7) |
NA |
| LDIQ ≥5 | 102 (71.3) | NA |
Abbreviations: GED = General Educational Development certificate; LDIQ = lupus damage index questionnaire; NA = not applicable; SLAQ = systemic lupus activity questionnaire; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus.
* For both the pain and physical function measures, scores were reversed from their original RAND Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form-Survey instrument values so that higher scores represent worse pain and physical functioning, respectively. Cut-points reflect 2 standard deviations from the mean.
† Higher score is worse.
§ Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System depression and anxiety score cut-points were based on PROsetta Stone mapping to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scales, respectively.