Mathematical modeling of granule cell excitability. A, Model responses to 2 pA step current injection from −80 mV. The model generates inward rectification in subthreshold responses, followed by regular repetitive firing with almost no adaptation. B, Slow oscillations, slow afterhyperpolarization, occasional uncoupling of spike prepotential from upstroke, and spike bursts can be generated by the model by using just-threshold stimulation (10.5 pA in the top andmiddle tracings, 12 pA in the bottom tracing). The shape of oscillations and bursting could be modified by changing the GNa-r orGK-slow intensities.