Pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, cells highly vulnerable to death in AD, show increased mtDNA in all cases of AD (A, mtDNAΔ5kb, chimeric probe; C,wild-type mtDNA) compared with controls (B, mtDNAΔ5kb, chimeric probe; D, wild-type mtDNA). E,Quantitative densitometric analysis of the level of mtDNA shows the increases are severalfold and significant (p= 0.0034; Student's t test) for AD compared with old or young controls ± SEMs. Scale bar, 10 μm.