Fig. 10.

Representative examples of pathological markers of AD in the dentate gyrus from a rat injected with the vehicle solution (a–c) or with the combined peptides (d–j). a–c, Serial sections from a vehicle-injected rat show the site of injection (arrowhead) marked with Nissl staining (a), minimal cell loss restricted to the site of injection (arrowhead) with NeuN (b), and no Aβ immunoreactivity (c). d, e, Serial sections from a rat injected with the combined fragments and stained with Nissl (d) or NeuN (e) show cell loss near the injection site (arrowhead) that is more extensive than that observed with vehicle-injected rats. Note the thinning of the cell body layer in the upper blade of the dentate gyrus, indicating additional cell loss away from the site of injection.f, h, Aβ immunoreactivity shows the presence of amyloid material in the dentate gyrus corresponding with the site of injection observed with Nissl and NeuN (f) and shows amyloid material further from the site of injection (h). g, i, j, Adjacent sections tof show Thioflavin S-positive staining, suggesting that the amyloid material is aggregated (g), and inflammation reactivity around the site of injection (i, j). i, Extensive GFAP-positive staining forming a virtual wall around the site of the injection is shown.Inset, An astrocyte with swollen processes, magnified 1000×, is shown. j, OX-42 immunostaining in the adjacent section shows strong microglial reactivity in the site of the injection. Inset, An example of a microglia magnified 1000× is shown. Scale bars: h, 100 μm; a–g, i, j, 200 μm.