Effect of VECs on astrocyte differentiation. Purified APCs were cultured alone (A, B) or suspended above a conditioning layer of purified VECs (C, D) or pial cells (E,F). After 4 d, the APC cultures were stained with an anti-GFAP antibody (A, C,E), as well as the DAPI nuclear stain (B,D, F). Most APCs remain undifferentiated unless cultured with VECs. Scale bar, 100 μm.