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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 26.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2018 Jul 27;118(16):7409–7531. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678

Figure 10.

Figure 10.

Cell response to membrane disruption. First, plasma membrane repair (PMR) engages within seconds to minutes to rescue the cell. If PMR fails the cell depolarizes, swells, and dies. Shown are the altered cytoplasmic contents that eventuate if membrane disruption is conducted in a physiological buffer. If PMR is successful, the cell is left in a perturbed state with loss of cytosol. Stress response guides the cell to return to the pre-perturbation homeostatic state or into apoptosis. In some cases trauma or off-target damage involved with disruption recovery cycle may cause mutations, fate changes, or loss of cell potency.