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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 26.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2018 Jul 27;118(16):7409–7531. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

A map of intracellular delivery methods and their mechanisms. Current intracellular delivery methods are shown sorted within the four indicated mechanisms: permeabilization, penetration, endocytosis, and fusion. Methods that overlap on more than one mechanism may promote intracellular delivery via multiple mechanisms depending on the context. For example, most viral vectors are believed to go through endocytosis but some fuse directly with the plasma membrane.