. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 26.

Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2018 Jul 27;118(16):7409–7531. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678

Table 4.

Cargo delivery mechanism versus scale of throughput for nano- and micro-mechanical membrane disruption techniques. For injection mechanisms, the nano or micro-mechanical element is hollow, thus allowing injection of cargo. Dissociation-based delivery works by enabling cargo to detach from the penetrating element once inside the cell. For permeabilization, the cargo is in the extracellular solution and flows into the cell by diffusion upon withdrawal of the penetrating element. References for each example are included.

	Injection	Dissociation	Permeabilization

Single cell	Microinjection²⁹⁸ Nanoinjection^568–571 FluidFM⁵⁷³	AFM-controlled CNT tip⁶⁷² AFM-controlled nanoneedle^{656–658,673,674} Micromanipulator-controlled metal nanowire^675–677	CellBee⁶⁷⁸ Cell Pricking^679–682
Parallelized Systems	Nanostraws^{387,664–666}	Nanowire arrays^185,363,634	Cell Poking⁶⁵⁴ Microneedle array⁶⁸³