Table 2.
Summary of Transcriptomic Differences Between VAT and SAT
| VAT | SAT | |
|---|---|---|
| Basal gene expression profile | Cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction↑ e.g., IL6, IL8, CCL3L3 | Lysine degradation↑ae.g., ALDH2, ALDH3A2, ALDH9A1 |
| Chemokine signaling pathway↑ e.g., IL8, CCL3L3, CCL4L2 | Pyruvate metabolism↑ae.g., ACSS2, ALDH2, ALDH3A2 | |
| Arachidonic acid metabolism↑ae.g., PTGDS, PTGS2, ALOX5 | Insulin signaling↑ae.g., PTPRF, LIPE, FASN | |
| Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)↑ae.g., EPCAM,bCEACAM6,bCEACAM1b | Fatty acid degradation↑ae.g., ALDH2, ALDH3A2, ADH1B | |
| Adipokines that systemically regulate metabolic homeostasis↑cSAA1, IGF1 | ||
| Gene expression profile in association with VFA and SFA, respectively | Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation↓ MUT, BCKDHB, ALDH6A1 | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation↓ HADH |
| Glycerophospholipid metabolism↓ AGPAT9 | ||
| Glycerophospholipid metabolism↓ae.g., PPAP2B, GPD1L, AGPAT9 | Fatty acid degradation↓ HADH, ADH1B, ECI1 | |
| Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis↓ ADH1B, ADH1A | ||
| Toll-like receptor signaling pathway↑ IRKA1, MAP2K4 | Toll-like receptor signaling pathway↑ SPP1, MAP2K1 | |
| Cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction↑ e.g., LEP, PLEKHO2, INHBB | Cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction↑ LEP, CXCL16 | |
| Chemokine signaling pathway↑ CXCL16, MAP2K1 | ||
| Leukocyte transendothelial migration↑ ITGB2 | ||
| Natural killer cell–mediated cytotoxicity↑ ITGB2, HCST, MAP2K1 | ||
| Adipokines that systemically regulate metabolic homeostasis↑cLEP, SAA1 | Adipokines that systemically regulate metabolic homeostasis↑cLEP | |
| BMI as an anthropometric proxy | Poor correlation with VFA among viscerally obese | Strong correlation with SFA across all individuals |
| Poor representation of VFA-associated gene expression profile | Good representation of SFA-associated gene expression profile |
Selected KEGG pathways from GSEA and top three corresponding genes (adjusted P value <0.05, ranked by relative fold changes) are presented. Arrows represent the direction of regulation.
a
P value in GSEA >0.05.
b
Not included in KEGG pathway, but with evident biological function.
c
No KEGG pathway.