Table 2. Hazard ratios (99% confidence intervals) of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer by food groups.
| Breast Cancer Cases | Endometrial cancer cases | Ovarian cancer cases | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily intake/standard portion size | Model 1 n=1796/32,228 a |
Model 2 n=1625/29,183 b |
Model 1 n=285/32,289 a |
Model 2 n=238/27,338 c |
Model 1 n=274/32,284 a |
Model 2 n=251/29,229 b |
||||||
| HR | 99% CI | HR | 99% CI | HR | 99% CI | HR | 99% CI | HR | 99% CI | HR | 99% CI | |
| Starchy food sources | ||||||||||||
| Wholegrain products/ 33g | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.96 to 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.88 to 1.03 | 0.92 | 0.84 to 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.94 to 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.93 to 1.09 |
| Refined grain products/ 51g | 1.03 | 0.96 to 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.95 to 1.11 | 1.11 | 0.95 to 1.30 | 1.15 | 0.98 to 1.35 | 1.04 | 0.87 to 1.24 | 1.02 | 0.84 to 1.24 |
| Low fibre breakfast cereals/ 40g | 1.00 | 0.83 to 1.20 | 1.04 | 0.85 to 1.26 | 0.83 | 0.50 to 1.37 | 0.76 | 0.43 to 1.37 | 1.16 | 0.76 to 1.75 | 1.08 | 0.67 to 1.74 |
| High fibre breakfast cereals/ 85g | 1.00 | 0.92 to 1.08 | 1.01 | 0.92 to 1.10 | 0.82 | 0.64 to 1.06 | 0.74 | 0.55 to 0.998 | 0.89 | 0.70 to 1.13 | 0.89 | 0.69 to 1.15 |
| Plain Potatoes/ 210g | 0.93 | 0.81 to 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.81 to 1.09 | 0.92 | 0.66 to 1.30 | 0.94 | 0.64 to 1.38 | 0.79 | 0.54 to 1.15 | 0.83 | 0.56 to 1.23 |
| Potatoes with added fat/ 127g | 1.13 | 0.94 to 1.37 | 1.28 | 0.96 to 1.71 | 1.28 | 0.97 to 1.68 | 1.90 | 1.00 to 3.60 | 0.78 | 0.35 to 1.70 | 0.80 | 0.35 to 1.84 |
| Refined pasta and rice/ 210g | 0.99 | 0.78 to 1.25 | 0.94 | 0.72 to 1.22 | 0.99 | 0.55 to 1.78 | 1.05 | 0.54 to 2.05 | 0.69 | 0.34 to 1.42 | 0.73 | 0.34 to 1.54 |
| Wholegrain pasta and rice/ 197 g | 1.07 | 0.82 to 1.40 | 1.14 | 0.84 to 1.55 | 0.72 | 0.31 to 1.67 | 0.60 | 0.23 to 1.60 | 0.58 | 0.23 to 1.49 | 0.70 | 0.27 to 1.83 |
| Protein and fat food sources | ||||||||||||
| Low fat dairy products/ 118g | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.98 to 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.97 to 1.10 | 0.95 | 0.90 to 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.89 to 1.02 |
| High fat dairy products/ 93g | 1.00 | 0.97 to 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.97 to 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.88 to 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.90 to 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.98 to 1.12 | 1.06 | 0.99 to 1.13 |
| Butter and hard margarine/ 10g | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.06 | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.05 | 0.98 | 0.83 to 1.16 | 1.00 | 0.83 to 1.20 | 0.92 | 0.76 to 1.10 | 0.86 | 0.69 to 1.06 |
| Margarine/ 9g | 0.97 | 0.91 to 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.92 to 1.05 | 0.95 | 0.81 to 1.12 | 0.93 | 0.77 to 1.11 | 1.06 | 0.91 to 1.22 | 1.03 | 0.88 to 1.21 |
| Low fat spreads/ 7g | 1.03 | 0.96 to 1.09 | 1.03 | 0.96 to 1.10 | 1.02 | 0.87 to 1.19 | 0.98 | 0.82 to 1.17 | 0.94 | 0.79 to 1.13 | 0.95 | 0.78 to 1.15 |
| High fat dressing/ 23g | 1.00 | 0.81 to 1.23 | 0.98 | 0.78 to 1.22 | 0.72 | 0.39 to 1.32 | 0.77 | 0.40 to 1.50 | 0.92 | 0.53 to 1.61 | 0.72 | 0.38 to 1.38 |
| Low fat dressing/ 30g | 0.98 | 0.70 to 1.36 | 1.02 | 0.72 to 1.45 | 0.88 | 0.37 to 2.08 | 0.86 | 0.32 to 2.29 | 1.02 | 0.46 to 2.30 | 1.09 | 0.47 to 2.54 |
| Soybean products/ 62g | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.04 | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.05 | 0.98 | 0.82 to 1.17 | 0.98 | 0.81 to 1.19 | 0.94 | 0.75 to 1.16 | 0.93 | 0.73 to 1.19 |
| Textured vegetable protein/ 130g | 0.44 | 0.03 to 6.93 | 0.16 | 0.01 to 3.50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pulses/ 91g | 1.00 | 0.87 to 1.14 | 1.03 | 0.89 to 1.19 | 0.87 | 0.60 to 1.28 | 0.81 | 0.52 to 1.25 | 1.08 | 0.79 to 1.48 | 1.17 | 0.83 to 1.64 |
| Eggs/eggs dishes/ 88g | 0.99 | 0.76 to 1.27 | 0.98 | 0.73 to 1.31 | 1.29 | 0.82 to 2.02 | 1.63 | 0.88 to 2.99 | 1.21 | 0.74 to 1.96 | 1.21 | 0.62 to 2.37 |
| Fish and fish dishes/ 140g | 1.04 | 0.76 to 1.43 | 1.01 | 0.68 to 1.51 | 0.90 | 0.36 to 2.24 | 0.96 | 0.34 to 2.71 | 0.99 | 0.43 to 2.24 | 0.86 | 0.30 to 2.43 |
| Oily fish/ 90g | 0.98 | 0.64 to 1.50 | 0.98 | 0.62 to 1.54 | 0.45 | 0.12 to 1.68 | 0.52 | 0.13 to 2.13 | 1.06 | 0.39 to 2.89 | 1.06 | 0.36 to 3.14 |
| Shell fish/ 60g | 1.17 | 0.66 to 2.07 | 1.44 | 0.56 to 3.70 | 0.52 | 0.04 to 6.83 | 0.72 | 0.04 to 11.69 | 0.85 | 0.11 to 6.65 | 0.65 | 0.04 to 10.06 |
| Red meat/ 189g | 1.20 | 0.97 to 1.49 | 1.28 | 0.95 to 1.72 | 1.33 | 0.87 to 2.02 | 1.90 | 0.92 to 3.94 | 0.91 | 0.45 to 1.88 | 0.85 | 0.38 to 1.92 |
| Processed meat/ 74g | 1.34 | 1.03 to 1.73 | 1.36 | 1.02 to 1.81 | 1.81 | 1.16 to 2.83 | 2.19 | 1.34 to 3.60 | 1.22 | 0.62 to 2.42 | 1.27 | 0.60 to 2.69 |
| Poultry/ 143g | 1.30 | 0.90 to 1.87 | 1.32 | 0.86 to 2.03 | 1.35 | 0.55 to 3.32 | 1.76 | 0.60 to 5.18 | 0.63 | 0.19 to 2.07 | 0.62 | 0.17 to 2.21 |
| Offal/ 100g | 2.19 | 0.44 to 10.89 | 2.27 | 0.41 to 12.55 | 2.70 | 0.05 to 138.5 | - | - | 0.10 | 0.00 to 12.00 | 0.07 | 0.00 to 12.00 |
| Total meat/150g | 1.12 | 1.01 to 1.24 | 1.17 | 1.00 to 1.36 | 1.19 | 0.98 to 1.45 | 1.53 | 1.04 to 2.24 | 0.94 | 0.65 to 1.37 | 0.92 | 0.61 to 1.39 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||||||
| Vegetable dishes/ 214g | 0.97 | 0.82 to 1.14 | 0.91 | 0.75 to 1.10 | 0.74 | 0.45 to 1.22 | 0.67 | 0.38 to 1.19 | 1.02 | 0.70 to 1.49 | 1.03 | 0.64 to 1.67 |
| Allium/ 39g | 0.98 | 0.82 to 1.17 | 0.99 | 0.82 to 1.20 | 1.02 | 0.67 to 1.57 | 0.97 | 0.58 to 1.61 | 0.81 | 0.49 to 1.33 | 0.77 | 0.44 to 1.33 |
| Fresh legumes/ 75g | 1.01 | 0.86 to 1.18 | 0.96 | 0.80 to 1.15 | 1.12 | 0.80 to 1.56 | 1.14 | 0.75 to 1.72 | 1.03 | 0.71 to 1.51 | 1.08 | 0.73 to 1.60 |
| Mediterranean vegetables/ 60g | 0.98 | 0.87 to 1.10 | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.09 | 0.98 | 0.73 to 1.32 | 0.85 | 0.58 to 1.23 | 1.17 | 0.93 to 1.47 | 1.18 | 0.90 to 1.56 |
| Salad vegetables/ 43g | 0.97 | 0.87 to 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.87 to 1.09 | 0.84 | 0.62 to 1.12 | 0.84 | 0.61 to 1.17 | 0.98 | 0.76 to 1.28 | 0.99 | 0.74 to 1.32 |
| Cruciferous vegetables/ 75g | 1.01 | 0.95 to 1.07 | 0.99 | 0.91 to 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.78 to 1.14 | 0.94 | 0.76 to 1.16 | 1.01 | 0.87 to 1.18 | 1.04 | 0.88 to 1.24 |
| Tomatoes/ 83g | 0.88 | 0.77 to 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.75 to 0.999 | 0.81 | 0.57 to 1.15 | 0.77 | 0.52 to 1.16 | 0.94 | 0.69 to 1.29 | 0.97 | 0.70 to 1.35 |
| Mushrooms/ 34g | 0.98 | 0.79 to 1.22 | 0.96 | 0.76 to 1.22 | 1.19 | 0.77 to 1.85 | 1.29 | 0.78 to 2.12 | 1.40 | 0.98 to 1.99 | 1.57 | 1.09 to 2.26 |
| Roots and tubers/ 66g | 0.94 | 0.83 to 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.83 to 1.06 | 0.96 | 0.74 to 1.25 | 0.90 | 0.66 to 1.25 | 1.06 | 0.83 to 1.34 | 1.12 | 0.88 to 1.43 |
| Total vegetables/150g | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.91 to 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.84 to 1.09 | 0.93 | 0.80 to 1.08 | 1.02 | 0.91 to 1.14 | 1.04 | 0.92 to 1.18 |
| Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Stone fruits/ 49g | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.86 to 1.23 | 0.84 | 0.49 to 1.42 | 0.94 | 0.55 to 1.62 | 0.63 | 0.32 to 1.22 | 0.66 | 0.32 to 1.33 |
| Deep orange & yellow fruits/ 118g | 1.03 | 0.90 to 1.18 | 1.08 | 0.92 to 1.26 | 0.67 | 0.39 to 1.15 | 0.75 | 0.42 to 1.32 | 0.97 | 0.65 to 1.44 | 0.98 | 0.62 to 1.54 |
| Grapes/ 100g | 0.98 | 0.86 to 1.11 | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.10 | 0.92 | 0.66 to 1.29 | 0.91 | 0.61 to 1.34 | 0.84 | 0.57 to 1.23 | 0.91 | 0.62 to 1.32 |
| Citrus family fruits/ 92g | 1.03 | 0.93 to 1.14 | 1.02 | 0.92 to 1.14 | 0.81 | 0.60 to 1.11 | 0.77 | 0.54 to 1.10 | 0.85 | 0.63 to 1.15 | 0.88 | 0.64 to 1.21 |
| Rhubarb/ 130g | 0.96 | 0.76 to 1.22 | 0.93 | 0.71 to 1.24 | 0.59 | 0.24 to 1.45 | 0.74 | 0.30 to 1.82 | 1.04 | 0.61 to 1.77 | 1.07 | 0.57 to 2.00 |
| Berries/ 48g | 1.02 | 0.93 to 1.11 | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.14 | 0.85 | 0.62 to 1.15 | 0.85 | 0.60 to 1.21 | 0.84 | 0.61 to 1.15 | 0.82 | 0.57 to 1.17 |
| Bananas/ 100g | 1.04 | 0.94 to 1.158 | 1.07 | 0.95 to 1.19 | 0.87 | 0.65 to 1.18 | 0.88 | 0.63 to 1.22 | 1.10 | 0.85 to 1.42 | 1.21 | 0.92 to 1.59 |
| Pomes/ 116g | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.91 to 1.06 | 0.97 | 0.80 to 1.16 | 0.92 | 0.75 to 1.15 | 0.91 | 0.74 to 1.11 | 0.97 | 0.79 to 1.19 |
| Total fruits/150g | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.05 | 0.91 | 0.81 to 1.02 | 0.90 | 0.79 to 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.85 to 1.06 | 0.98 | 0.88 to 1.10 |
| Dried Fruits/ 28g | 1.03 | 0.96 to 1.11 | 1.04 | 0.98 to 1.13 | 0.67 | 0.46 to 0.99 | 0.60 | 0.37 to 0.97 | 1.02 | 0.86 to 1.22 | 1.06 | 0.89 to 1.26 |
| Other food groups | ||||||||||||
| Sauces/ 83g | 1.05 | 0.63 to 1.74 | 1.07 | 0.62 to 1.87 | 1.46 | 0.48 to 3.40 | 1.29 | 0.31 to 5.37 | 1.48 | 0.49 to 4.49 | 1.78 | 0.48 to 6.65 |
| Pickles/Chutneys/ 35g | 0.90 | 0.70 to 1.17 | 0.89 | 0.68 to 1.18 | 1.16 | 0.68 to 1.97 | 0.96 | 0.49 to 1.91 | 0.72 | 0.35 to 1.48 | 0.65 | 0.29 to 1.44 |
| Soups/ 163g | 0.98 | 0.82 to 1.18 | 0.98 | 0.79 to 1.22 | 0.93 | 0.57 to 1.51 | 0.90 | 0.50 to 1.61 | 0.95 | 0.60 to 1.50 | 1.03 | 0.62 to 1.70 |
| Confectionary & spreads/ 44g | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.92 to 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.79 to 1.12 | 0.88 | 0.71 to 1.09 | 0.98 | 0.83 to 1.15 | 0.96 | 0.81 to 1.15 |
| Nuts and seeds/ 24g | 1.01 | 0.93 to 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.13 | 1.03 | 0.85 to 1.25 | 0.77 | 0.53 to 1.13 | 1.02 | 0.83 to 1.25 | 1.02 | 0.80 to 1.30 |
| Savoury snacks/ 26g | 1.05 | 0.87 to 1.26 | 1.06 | 0.87 to 1.29 | 1.21 | 0.79 to 1.85 | 1.12 | 0.68 to 1.86 | 1.05 | 0.63 to 1.73 | 1.06 | 0.63 to 1.81 |
| Biscuits/ 15g | 1.00 | 0.94 to 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.94 to 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.83 to 1.14 | 0.97 | 0.81 to 1.17 | 0.95 | 0.80 to 1.13 | 0.95 | 0.80 to 1.15 |
| Cakes/ 66g | 0.89 | 0.68 to 1.16 | 0.88 | 0.65 to 1.19 | 0.85 | 0.43 to 1.68 | 0.84 | 0.38 to 1.87 | 1.01 | 0.55 to 1.83 | 0.95 | 0.47 to 1.92 |
| Pastries and Puddings/ 84g | 1.05 | 0.89 to 1.24 | 1.12 | 0.92 to 1.36 | 0.85 | 0.51 to 1.43 | 1.00 | 0.58 to 1.73 | 0.78 | 0.45 to 1.35 | 0.71 | 0.37 to 1.34 |
| Drinks and beverages | ||||||||||||
| Tea/ 260g | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 1.04 | 0.96 to 1.12 | 1.02 | 0.93 to 1.11 | 0.98 | 0.91 to 1.07 | 0.98 | 0.90 to 1.07 |
| Herbal tea/ 260g | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.91 to 1.06 | 0.96 | 0.80 to 1.16 | 0.89 | 0.71 to 1.12 | 0.94 | 0.77 to 1.15 | 0.93 | 0.75 to 1.16 |
| Coffee/ 190g | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.95 to 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.13 | 1.04 | 0.96 to 1.13 | 1.04 | 0.95 to 1.13 |
| Other hot beverages/ 23g | 1.02 | 0.92 to 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.93 to 1.14 | 1.03 | 0.81 to 1.31 | 1.01 | 0.77 to 1.33 | 0.99 | 0.77 to 1.28 | 1.04 | 0.80 to 1.35 |
| Juices/ 145g | 1.00 | 0.93 to 1.07 | 1.01 | 0.93 to 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.80 to 1.16 | 0.95 | 0.76 to 1.17 | 0.95 | 0.78 to 1.15 | 0.97 | 0.79 to 1.18 |
| Soft drinks/ 111g | 1.00 | 0.89 to 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.90 to 1.12 | 1.05 | 0.83 to 1.33 | 1.00 | 0.74 to 1.34 | 1.03 | 0.80 to 1.33 | 1.02 | 0.78 to 1.33 |
| Low calorie/diet soft drinks/ 161g | 1.01 | 0.91 to 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.93 to 1.14 | 1.10 | 0.87 to 1.38 | 1.03 | 0.79 to 1.35 | 0.96 | 0.72 to 1.28 | 0.98 | 0.73 to 1.31 |
| Wines/ glass* | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.13 | 0.90 | 0.70 to 1.14 | 0.90 | 0.69 to1.17 | 1.06 | 0.86 to 1.32 | 1.06 | 0.85 to 1.32 |
| Beer and cider/ half pint* | 1.09 | 0.93 to 1.28 | 1.10 | 0.93 to 1.29 | 1.13 | 0.77 to 1.68 | 0.81 | 0.42 to 1.56 | 1.11 | 0.71 to 1.72 | 1.10 | 0.72 to 1.69 |
| Port, sherry, liqueurs/ glass* | 0.97 | 0.75 to 1.26 | 0.98 | 0.74 to 1.29 | 0.93 | 0.47 to 1.82 | 1.11 | 0.57 to 2.17 | 1.17 | 0.72 to 1.92 | 1.20 | 0.74 to 1.95 |
| Spirits/ measure* | 1.11 | 0.97 to 1.27 | 1.10 | 0.95 to 1.27 | 0.51 | 0.25 to 1.02 | 0.54 | 0.26 to 1.12 | 1.27 | 0.97 to 1.67 | 1.26 | 0.96 to 1.66 |
a
Model 1: adjusted for age
b
Model 2: adjusted for age, ethanol intake, duration of breastfeeding, physical activity, smoking, social class, menopausal status
c
Model 2 (endometrial cancer): adjusted for age, ethanol intake, duration of breastfeeding, physical activity, smoking, social class, menopausal status, history of diabetes and history of hypertension
*
not adjusted for ethanol intake