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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Hum Genet. 2019 Mar 26;139(1):61–71. doi: 10.1007/s00439-019-02001-z

Fig. 1 — Comparison of the OpenMendel VarianceComponentModels.jl implementation with GCTA (C++) and GEMMA (C++) for fitting a univariate variance component model $Y ~ N (0, σ_{a}^{2} S + σ_{e}^{2} I)$ (top panel) and a bivariate variance component model $Y ~ N (0, Σ_{a} \otimes S + Σ_{e} \otimes I)$ (bottom panel). GEMMA and OpenMendel runtimes exclude the eigen-decomposition of S, which is pre-computed.