Table 1.

Main currently available tools for the in vivo assessment of bone strength

Category	Tool
Imaging devices	Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
	Quantitative CT (QCT)
	High resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT)
	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
	Quantitative ultrasound (QUS)
	Radiofrequency echographic multi spectrometry (REMS)
Risk fracture calculators	FRAX®
	Qfracture®
	Garvan®
	DVO risk calculator®
Bone biopsy techniques	Static histomorphometry
	Dynamic histomorphometry
Laboratory tests	Bone turnover markers (BTMs)
	Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
	Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA)
Others	Microindentation